Electricity requirements for

The choice of technology, the associated capital, and operating costs for a chlor—alkaU plant are strongly dependent on local factors. Especially important are local energy and transportation costs, as are environmental constraints. The primary difference ia operating costs between diaphragm, mercury, and membrane cell plants results from variations ia electricity requirements for the three processes (Table 25) so that local energy and steam costs are most important. 

Table 7.1 Electrical requirements for lift and crane motors...

The pressure at the outlet of the pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) plant is 1.5 MPa. The specific electricity requirement for the compression from 1.5 to 88 MPa at the compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) filling station (required for 70 MPa on-board vehicle storage) amounts to about 0.077 MJei/MJ of CGH2. 

Hydrogen has been assumed to be distributed by means of a hydrogen pipeline grid (main pipelines 50 km, distribution pipelines 5 km) to the filling stations. The electricity requirement for the compression from 2 to 88 MPa at the CGH2 filling station amounts to about 0.070 MJei/MJ of CGH2. 

The electricity requirement for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction amounts to about 0.3 MJei per MJ of LH2 today (suction pressure typically 2 to 3 MPa, which corresponds to the outlet pressure of the PSA of a typical steam reforming plant), but can be reduced to about 0.16 MJel per MJ of LH2, if the feed pressure can be increased (Quack, 2001). 

Canadian interests span into hydrogen production, delivery and utilization, primarily in fuel cell applications in transportation, stationary and portable systems. Furthermore, codes and standards for hydrogen systems are an important area of activity. The range of future electrical requirements for early adopters, such as the military, is very wide with numerous applications for various electrically powered systems. The introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier into the commercial and military sector offer similar and sometimes unique challenges in all the areas discussed. 

The electrical requirements for the TCD are much simpler than almost any other detector in GC. By contrast, the mechanical requirements, particularly thermal control, are unusually demanding. 

Both the NFPA and the National Electrical Code (NEC) provide ventilation and electrical requirements for garages where gasoline and diesel vehicles are repaired. These standards are designed to prevent the accumulation of vapors inside the garage and limit sources of ignition in locations in which released fuel vapors are likely to be found. These NFPA and NEC requirements are illustrated in Figure 5-1 [5.7]. 

Fig. 5-1 Current NEC and NFPA Mechanical and Electrical Requirements for Both Heavier and Lighter than Air Flammable Vapors. (Source Ref. [5.7])...

Fig. 5-2 General Electrical Requirements for CNG Repair Areas Based on Modification of National Codes. (Source Ref. 15.7])...

Electrical requirements for such an installation would be specified in terms such as surface resistivity, resistance to ground, and rate of decay of voltage. 

Figure 45 shows plots of the d-band vacancy against quantity of electricity consumed in the reduction of the oxide layer formed under chlorine evolution conditions. This result shows that coverage of oxide on the electrode surface can be linearly related to the d-band vacancy because the quantity of electricity required for the formation of a monolayer on each metal is approximately 0.5 mC cm . The coverage by oxide is considered to be a function of electrode potential, pH, and concentration of Cr. If these... 

One indication of the overall system performance is the percentage of time the CHP system was online. Table 5 presents the online percentage for the years for which the data were available as well as the total electrical generation as a percentage of the electrical requirement for the entire hospital. 

Coulometry permits determination of chemical substances by measuring the quantity of electricity required for their conversion to a different oxidation state. The quantity of electricity or charge is measured in Coulombs. (The coulomb is the quantity of charge that is transported in 1 sec... 

Table 10.2. Projected natural gas or electricity requirements for FCV with comparison to existing demand, moderate growth case...

When a maximum current value /max is reached, passivation of the electrode starts due to the formation of a PbS04 layer (curve A, Fig. 7.2). The presence of organic expander in the solution leads to a multifold increase in the quantity of electricity required for electrode passivation (curve B) and shifts the passivation potential at imax to more positive values. A shift of the Pb dissolution processes to more positive potentials is suggested by the appearance of an additional overvoltage in the Pb dissolution processes. These phenomena have been related... 

Electricity required for two-stage vacuum pumps equals 0.36 kWh/kg ice. 

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