Economic industry, comparison

Nonetheless, ultimately EBC was unsuccessful in commercializing the technology. This can be attributed to a lack of obtaining shutdown economics in comparison with HDS, continuous improvements in HDS technology, and reluctance on the part of refiners to introduce such novel technology at a scale relevant to the industry. 

The EPA argues that the cost of compliance to environmental regulations is small in comparison to baseline industry expenditures. However, there are many hidden costs that oftentimes are not considered when contemplating a control technology investment, and which can escalate and adversely impact on bottom-line economic performance. These so-called other costs include, but are not limited to ... 

Worrell, E. Price, L. Martin, N. Faria, J. and Schaeffer, R. (1997). Energy Intensity in the Iron and Steel Industry A Comparison of Physical and Economic Indicators. Energy Policy 25 (7-8) 727-744. 

Detailed economics of individual industrial processes, including SCP processes, are usually regarded as confidential, out of fear that publication may lend advantage to competitors. In addition, economy of scale rule generally applies (that is as the production capacity increases, the cost of the product decreases), so that direct comparisons can only be made between systems of similar capacity. Some economic data on SCP processes have been published and are presented in the Resource Material at the end of this chapter. You should appreciate that the data are outdated by more than a decade, during which time substrate costs will have varied relative to each other, and technology will have improved. This means that the comparative costs presented in Table 4.13, for example, may not be now as presented there. Nevertheless the data presented do provide an outline of the economics of SCP production. The processes referred to in the Resource Material are not necessarily those mentioned in the text and so you may find some differences in detail. 

The innovative pharmaceutical industry is one of the clearest exponents of the familiar process of the globalization of the economy. The reasons for this are obvious first, companies need to recover the huge investment in R D that is necessary to get an innovative medicinal product with added therapeutic value onto the market. Second, the cost of transporting pharmaceuticals is usually low in comparison with the economic value of the product, which facilitates the geographical extension of markets. Finally, the company does not even need to transport goods, as it can limit itself to selling technology, especially if the innovation is protected by a system of patents, and this facilitates international expansion even more. 

The price of oil itself is not clearly accounted for until the subsidies for exploration and the actual cost of Middle East defense is added. Only recently have the true costs of fossil fuel energy been studied, from defense commitments to long term health care for nationwide respiratory illnesses. Hydrogen must face economic comparisons to gasoline, but we notice that the oil and gas industries are already investing in the hydrogen economy. 

Besides the two main characteristics of sensitivity as well as specificity of a sensor, the industrial, military, and other standards demand the device to be portable, economical, autonomous, and power efficient. In order to address some of these characteristics, the authors in their respective laboratories have been working on improving the design of the prototype, as shown in Figs. 15.6 and 15.7, respectively. The necessaiy electronics consisting of local oscillators, beat oscillators, smaller cavities, mixers, and phase-locking loops have been assembled in prototypes. As of this date the device needs further evaluation in an operational environment to establish a set of encyclopedic data and for comparison with unknown toxins. 

Acetic acid is an important intermediate organic tonnage chemical that may be produced by the petroleum industry and fermentation. The latter process requires the recovery of acetic acid from water solutions, and several techniques have been applied to this separation, including solvent extraction, azeotropic distillation, and extractive distillation. A comparison of economics between azeotropic distillation and solvent extraction combined with azeotropic distillation (Table 10.3) shows that the introduction of... 

An economic comparison of biofiltration and thermal oxidation was provided by a recent trade publication authored by a PPC chemical engineer (D16218F). The analysis for Case 1 was based on a 4000-cfm airstream containing organic contaminants typically found in the flexographic printing industry. Biofiltration was compared to catalytic oxidation. Lower operating costs favored biotiltration by almost 40% after 5 years of operation. 

We performed a detailed comparison of the economic scale of radiation use in the fields of industry [4], agriculture [5], and medicine [6] in Japan and the United States. The comparison between Japan and the United States was also done for an economic index regarding market creation of products obtained from use of both radiation and nuclear energy [7]. The results of our study are compared for the year 1997. 

The economic scale is compared between the United States and Japan with selected industrial parameters such as sterilization, semiconductors, radiographic testing, and radial tire production, because the very large industrial markets make a whole comparison difficult. The economic scale revealed in selected industrial fields was about 56 billion for the United States and 39 billion for Japan. The former is larger by a factor of — 1.4 [4]. 

The number of ozone production plants built by German industrial companies from 1954-1997 as shown in Table 3-4 might be considered as an indicator of the economical importance of the use of ozone in full-scale applications, at least in Germany and some other European countries. Almost 90 % of these systems were set-up during the last 25 years, with an dramatic increase since 1991 (Bohme, 1999). For comparison it is also worth mentioning that in the USA only about 60 water works were using ozone in 1992 (Masschelein, 1994). 

It follows from economical comparison that coal-log pipeline is cheaper than truck transport for distances longer than 65 km and pipe diameter D = 200 mm. For D = 500 m even for distance over 25 km. Compared with railway, the transport cost is on the level of unit trains. For large quantity of coal it could be even less. Another advantage is given by fact that length of pipeline is usually at least about 30 % lower than that of the railway. From environmental protection point of view, capsule pipeline, similarly as slurry pipeline, is dust free and noiseless. In spite of these advantages the utilisation of coal-log pipeline system could expect only for transport of coal from new mines to power stations, especially in mountains areas without railways and highways or in heavy populated and industrial areas, where railway is overloaded. 

We have demonstrated for the first time that we could apply the theory of generalized Thiele modulus to an enzymatic reaction both in n-hexane and SC CO2. The comparison between the two reaction media is not so clear in n-hexane the real reaction velocity is higher than that obtained in SC C02. Nevertheless, the Thiele modulus values indicates a limitation due to the internal mass transfer rate g 1. Thus we observed, in the hexane case, a diffusional control, while in SC C02 an intermediate rate between the reactional and diffusional rates was apparent. It therefore, seems that SC CO2 should be the solvent of choice in reactions catalyzed by immobilized enzymes, since it reduces problems with internal mass transfer. An other advantage is that the value of the inhibition constant is 43 mM in n-hexane and 120 mM in SC CO2 [14], so SC CO2 should be more convenient if we have to work with higher ethanol concentration. The economic feasibility of an industrial scale lipase catalyzed reaction on C02 may depend upon possible costs for high-pressure equipment. 

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