Economic comparison

The future for these technologies is uncertain. Economic comparisons with fluorspar-based processes indicate that as long as fluorspar suppHes remain abundant, there is Httle justification to proceed with such processes. 

E. Doetsch and H. DoHwa, "Economical and Process Technology Aspects of Cast Iron Melting," Electrowarmeint. 37(B3), B157 (1979), contains an economic comparison fuel-fired and electric iron foundry melting furnaces. 

In an economic comparison of these three common abatement systems, a 1991 EPA study (58) indicates extended absorption to be the most cost-effective method for NO removal, with selective reduction only matching its performance for small-capacity plants of about 200—250 t/d. Nonselective abatement systems were indicated to be the least cost-effective method of abatement. The results of any comparison depend on the cost of capital versus variable operating costs. A low capital cost for SCR is offset by the ammonia required to remove the NO. Higher tail gas NO... 

More up-to-date data of this process are employed in a study by Rase (Fixed Bed Reactor Design and Diagnostics, Butterworths, 1990, pp. 275-286). In order to keep the pressure drop low, radial flow reactors are used, two units in series with reheating between them. Simultaneous formation of benzene, toluene, and minor products is taken into account. An economic comparison is made of two different catalysts under a variety of operating conditions. Some of the computer printouts are shown there. 

A suction bell on the inlet of a vertical pump (or the inlet pipe of the suction side of a horizontal pump) is not necessary as far as pump or sump operation is concerned. If a bell is omitted, the entrance losses due to flow will be higher ith only a straight pipe, and this must be considered in pump operation. An economic comparison vsill help decide the value of the bell. Strainers should not be placed on suction bells unless this is the only arrangement. Inlet water should be screened with trash racks, bars and screens to keep the sump free of debris. 

Although these units find initial application in areas of limited water, they have not been limited to this situation. In many instances they are more economical than cooling tower systems and have been successfully applied in combination with cooling towers (see Figure 10-184). Economic comparisons should include such items as tower costs, basin, make-up facilities, water treatment, pumps for circulation, power supply, blow down, piping, etc. For small installations of air-cooled units, they should be compared... 

Figure A8.6 Economic comparison of batch and continuous production of L-amino acids using amino acylases.

Table 8-50 Economic comparison of three different processes...

Overall, taking into account all economic comparisons of olanzapine and conventional drugs, olanzapine appears to be at least cost-neutral and may be cost-saving. However, the uniformity of results reported probably owes more to the reliance on a single source of data than to the reproducibility of economic... 

Economics. Comparison of the material and energy balance for our process and the cobalt-based BASF higher olefin process (8), we foimd that our process reduced the capital investment required by over 50% due to the fact that we require far fewer unit operations, and because the operating pressure is much lower. In sutmnary, the thermomorphic solution developed by TDA allows easy catalyst recycle, which, when coupled with the lower pressure operation possible with Rh catalysts (compared to the cobalt-based process) lowers both capital and operating costs for current oxidation (oxo) plants of similar capacity. 

Perhaps the additional capacity might not be needed. If it is not needed then the size of the reactors, evaporator and stripper can be reduced. Keeping the original process capacity with parallel operation of the reactors would mean a tradeoff between the increased capital cost of two (smaller) reactors versus reduced capital cost of the evaporator and stripper. An economic comparison would be required to judge whether this would be beneficial. 

These examples illustrate how the choice of a site and the design of a plant are interlinked. In fact, ideally, the site cannot be chosen without designing a plant for each possible location and then making an economic comparison. Realistically, this would be too expensive, so the list of potential sites must be reduced before a full economic evaluation is attempted. 

By 2010, in EuroVI context with more stringent NO limits and a possible outbreak of normative restrictions such as the off-cycle risk, it will be necessary to make a technico-economic comparison between the SCR-NH3 and the NO Trap technologies. 

Finally, on the facility level an economic comparison of three cogeneration steam systems for a wood pulping mill was carried out [20], finding that economic and environmental optimisation could not be achieved simultaneously. 

NAPS is also a possibility for octene hydroformylation, but again a detailed technical and economic comparison would be required in order to chose among it, Liquid Recycle and Induced Phase Separation. 

Assessment of the Plant Concepts The economic comparison of the pipeless plant developed in this study with the existing multipurpose batch plant resulted only... 

Beckervordersandforth, Ch., An economic comparison of cogeneration systems, Proceedings, Fuel Cells in the Energy Market, Cologne, 12-14. March 1996. 

The price of oil itself is not clearly accounted for until the subsidies for exploration and the actual cost of Middle East defense is added. Only recently have the true costs of fossil fuel energy been studied, from defense commitments to long term health care for nationwide respiratory illnesses. Hydrogen must face economic comparisons to gasoline, but we notice that the oil and gas industries are already investing in the hydrogen economy. 

For the economic comparison of the two storage options, the specific re-electrifi-cation costs of the stored wind energy are calculated. These costs are made up of the investment, operation and maintenance costs, input electricity costs (wind electricity) and the fuel costs (natural gas). As hydrogen technologies are not in a commercial state, the calculation is also performed with target costs for electrolysers. Carbon emissions are also monetarily included, assuming a certificate price of 20/t. Table 16.2 summarises the major economic assumptions. 

Brief economic comparison of some processing costs... 

Deneuve E, Roncato JP (1981) Thermochemical or hybrid cycles of hydrogen production- technico-economical comparison with water electrolysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 6 9-23... 

TABLE 1 Economic Comparison of ROVCO2 with Similar Technologies... 

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