Domestic animals

Radiocesium isotopes from the Chernobyl accident transferred easily to grazing farm animals. Both Cs and Cs were rapidly distributed throughout the soft tissues of animals after dietary ingestion and were most highly concentrated in muscle. Radiocesium activity in milk and flesh of Norwegian sheep and goats, for example, increased three- to fivefold 2 years after the accident and coincided with an abundant growth and availability 

Abrams, A.S., Griffin, I.J., Hawthorne, K.M., Liang, L., Gunn, S.K., Darlington, G., and Ellis, K.J., A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82, 471 —476, 2005. 

Aldini, T., Exadissima Descriptio Rariorum Quarundam Plantarum in Horto Famesiano, Rome, 1625. 

Salemans, J.M., Van Laere, K.M., Gerichausen, M.J., Rozendaal, M.J., and Nagen-gast, F.M., Bacterial fermentation of fructooligosaccharides and resistant starch in patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66, 1286-1292, 1997. 

de Roos, N.M., Bakz, J.C., van de Lisdonk, E., Zock, P.L., and Hautvast, J.G.A.J., Consumption of fructo-oligosaccharides does not favorably affect blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69, 64—69, 1999. 

The Great Jerusalem Artichoke Circus The Buying and Selling of the Rural American Dream, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1993. 

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I6I C. Warfarin baits need contain only 0 025% active principle, and rats are killed after ingesting about 5 doses the bait can be left down and the risk of acute toxicity to man or domestic animals is not serious. In common with other coumarin derivatives, warfarin reduces the clotting power of blood and death is caused by haemorrhages initiated by any slight injury. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist, and large oral doses of the vitamin can be given as an antidote. 

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

Mineral Feed. Mineral feed supplements for domestic animals and fowl usually contain a pure form of pulverized limestone. In fact, some state laws require the supplement to be at least 35% available calcium. Other sources of calcium are bone meal and dicalcium phosphate. Use as mineral feed has been a steadily growing market for limestone. The material is ground to 90% minus 0.15 mm (100 mesh) or 80% minus 0.9074 mm (200 mesh), is low in silica, and has strict tolerances on arsenic and fluorine (see Feeds and feed additives). 

The group of tests that must be performed for each pesticide depends on how that pesticide is to be used. For example, if a pesticide is not used on food or feed crops, extensive residue and metaboHsm tests in plants and domestic animals might not be required. Similarly, if a pesticide is not used in field crops nor on other extensive outdoor areas, aH the environmental fate studies might not be required. 

General metabolism (biotransfomiation) Dermal penetration Domestic animal safety... 

Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Data Requirements Subdivision D, Product Chemistry E, Ha ard Evaluation—Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms F, Ha ard Evaluation—Human and Domestic Animals G, Product Peformance H, Eabeling , Experimental Use Permits J, Ha ard Evaluation—Nontafget Plants K,... 

W. J. Hayes, Jr., and E. R. Laws, Jr., eds.. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990. Three volume set provides detailed toxicological profiles of more than 250 insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides each compound described by identity, properties, and uses toxicity to humans, laboratory animals, domestic animals, and wildlife includes comprehensive coverage of diagnosis, treatment, prevention of injury, effects on domestic animals, wildlife, and humans - ISjOOO references. 

The nutritional value of a proteia can be improved by the addition of amino acids of low abundance ia that proteia. Thus the fortification of plant proteias such as wheat, com, and soybean with L-lysiae, DL-methionine, or other essential amino acids (L-tryptophan and L-threonine) is expected to alleviate some food problems (11). Such fortification has been widespread ia the feedstuff of domestic animals. 

Feeding standards, which have been instituted nationally, indicate the amount of the essential amino acids (together with other nutrients) for the rational breeding of domestic animals. The feeding standards of the National Research Council (NRC) of the United States and Agricultural Research Council (ARC) of the United Kingdom are well known (the former indicates the minimal amount and the latter shows the recommended amount). 

Sodium selenate has been used on a small scale in commercial greenhouses, primarily for growing carnations and chrysanthemums. It is transformed by the plants into volatile selenides, which repel red spiders, mites, thrips, and aphids (see Insect control technology). Sodium selenite is not intended for crops which could ultimately be used as food for humans or domestic animals. 

Sodium Levothyroxine. As one of the active principles of the thyroid gland, sodium levothyroxine [55-03-8] (levothyroxine sodium) can be obtained either from the thyroid glands of domesticated animals (10) or synthetically. It should contain 61.6—65.5% iodine, corresponding to 100 3% of the pure salt calculated on an anhydrous basis. Its chiral purity must also be ascertained because partial racemi2ation may occur during synthesis and because dl-T is available commercially. Sodium levothyroxine melts with decomposition at ca 235°C. It is prepared as pentahydrate [6106-07-6] from... 

Ivermectin has an extremely broad spectmm of antinematodal activity in a variety of domestic animals. Indeed, among the many nematodes against which it has been tested, none has been found that is not affected by ivermectin during at least one stage of the life cycle. In all but a few instances the dmg is highly active against both immature and mature worms (19). 

Another important bisphenol is dichlorophene (dichlorophane, methylene-bis(4-chlorophenol)) [97-23-4]. Whereas it is not as active against bacteria as hexachlorophane, it has found miscehaneous apphcations, eg, as a rot preservative for textiles (89) as a treatment for athlete s foot and for tapeworm in humans and domestic animals as a slimicide in paper manufacture and as an antibacterial agent in water-cooling systems (90). 

Feeding of domestic animals on a commercial basis results in large quantities of excreta, both liquid and sobd. This produces obnoxious odors, which, in turn, produce complaints from citizens of the area. If the animals are concentrated in a feedlot, the odors may become so extreme that odor counteractants are necessary. However, if the feedlots are paved and regularly washed down, the odors may be kept to a satisfactory minimum with much less expense. 

Dioscorea, and the humble soybean. The advantage of using plants rather than valuable domestic animals as raw material is fairly obvious. 

A compound closely related to classical adrenergic agonists in which the para hydroxy function is however replaced by an amino group has been investigated for its activity as a growth promoter in domestic animals. Acylation of the aniline derivative 26 with chloracetyl chloride will afford acetophenone 27 the amino-ketone 28 is obtained on reaction with isopropylamine. Removal of the protecting group (29) followed by reduction of the ketone affords cimaterol (30) 5J. 

Early Neolithic peoples domesticated the more productive local plants, cared for them m densely planted plots, protected them from animals and other plants (weeds) and haiwested the results. Likewise they tamed, bred and cared for local animals and ate them as they deemed fit. In the cases of cattle, horses, sheep and goats, milk and its products became staple foods. In some places larger domestic animals became beasts of burden. For very sound ecological reasons, agriculture allowed even early farmers to lib-... 

A large number of domestic animals are poisoned each year by pesticides and must be destroyed. Additionally, significant amounts of meat and milk are contaminated with pesticides and must be removed from the market place (51). The yearly cost of these losses is estimated to be at least 30 million. 

It can be argued that the gut flora provides an additional trophic level in ruminants (Steinhour et al. 1982). This should result in a larger A N in ruminants than in non-ruminant herbivores. As many domesticated animals are ruminants this is a factor that has to be taken into account. Available 5 N data does not seem to show systematic differences between the categories ruminants and non-ruminants, although systematic species differences exist. 

Bone and tooth enamel from modem animals were collected in 1984 and 1993 from skeletons exposed on the surface in Sibiloi National Park, located on the east shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya. In addition to its interest as the site of numerous fossil hominid discoveries, the Turkana area provides an ideal controlled situation for the present study. The park is a circumscribed area surrounded by human pastoral groups and the nondomestic fauna remain to a great extent within its confines. Water sources are limited to the lake, ephemeral streams, a limited number of waterholes, and the plants eaten by the animals. The streams last on the order of days and in dry years do not flow at all. The non-domestic animals from which the bone and enamel were collected likely obtained most of their drinking water from the lake itself Domestic animals entered the park in 1984 during a severe drought. Their drinking water sources may have varied widely. 

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