Arsenic domestic animals

Mineral Feed. Mineral feed supplements for domestic animals and fowl usually contain a pure form of pulverized limestone. In fact, some state laws require the supplement to be at least 35% available calcium. Other sources of calcium are bone meal and dicalcium phosphate. Use as mineral feed has been a steadily growing market for limestone. The material is ground to 90% minus 0.15 mm (100 mesh) or 80% minus 0.9074 mm (200 mesh), is low in silica, and has strict tolerances on arsenic and fluorine (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Selby, L.A., A.A. Case, G.D. Osweiler, and H.M. Hages, Jr. 1977. Epidemiology and toxicology of arsenic poisoning in domestic animals. Environ. Health Perspec. 19 183-189. 

Although quite a good number of compounds containing arsenic, antimony, phosphorus and other metals have been found to display a wide spectrum of activity against protozoal and helminth infections in humans and domestic animals, they find limited use in current therapy because of their high toxicity, low therapeutic indices and availability of better drugs. 

The lethal oral dose in domestic animals ranges from 1 to 25 mg kg (sodium arsenite), which is three- to ten-fold more toxic than arsenic trioxide. Arsenic affects tissues that are rich in oxidative enzyme systems, and is a capillary poison, resulting in hypovolemia, shock, and circulatory failure. Symptoms of inorganic arsenic poisoning are usually explosive in onset, with intense abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, staggering gait, hypothermia, and... 

The major sources of exposure of domestic animals to arsenicals are ingestion of feed contaminated with As from industrial pollution or with residues of As-containing pesticides. Other potential sources of As exposure are drinking water contaminated with iAs or organoAs preparations used as... 

Excretion. Trivalent arsenic is excreted into the intestine via the bile, and pentavalent arsenic is e) reted by the kidneys. Excretion is rapid in domestic animals and nearly complete wiMn a few days. 

The answer is 3 [III B 4 c IV E 3 a V F 3 VIIIC 3J. Of the choices presented, only arsenic toxicosis is not readily confirmed by detection of high concentrations In the blood. Arsenic in domestic animals has a high affinity for many epithelial tissues and is excreted rapidly in the urine. Copper accumulates in erythrocytes just prior to and during the acute hemolytic crisis. Iron is transported in the blood bound to transferrin, and both bound iron and total iron increase as dosage Increases. Selenium is present in both erythrocytes and serum or plasma and responds quickly to dietary or parenteral dosing. Lead is primarily associated with erythrocytes and is consistently elevated in lead poisoning. 

Heavy metals on or in vegetation and water have been and continue to be toxic to animals and fish. Arsenic and lead from smelters, molybdenum from steel plants, and mercury from chlorine-caustic plants are major offenders. Poisoning of aquatic life by mercury is relatively new, whereas the toxic effects of the other metals have been largely eliminated by proper control of industrial emissions. Gaseous (and particulate) fluorides have caused injury and damage to a wide variety of animals—domestic and wild—as well as to fish. Accidental effects resulting from insecticides and nerve gas have been reported. 

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