Parks, national

Taq polymerase was first found in a bacterium Ther mus aquaticus) that lives in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park Bacteria of this type are called ther mophiles because they thrive in warm environments... 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration. EPA originally issued regulations for Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) in December 1974 to protect clean air areas. Three air quaUty classes were designated Class I to protect pristine areas. Class II to allow moderate development, and Class III to permit more intensive development. Most areas in the United States were initially designated as Class II. Many large national parks and wildlife areas have been classified as Class I. 

Committee on Haze in N ational Parks and Wilderness Areas, N ational Research Council, Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1993. 

Atmospheric haze has been observed in both the western and eastern portions of the United States. Typical visual ranges in the East are <15 miles and in the Southwest >50 miles. The desire to protect visual air quality in the United States is focused on the national parks in the West. The ability to see vistas over 50-100 km in these locations makes them particularly vulnerable to atmospheric haze. This phenomenon is generally associated with diffuse or widespread atmospheric degradation as opposed to individual plumes. 

The United States Clean Air Act of 1977 set as a national goal the prevention of any future degradation and the reduction of any existing impairment of visibility in mandatory class I federal areas caused by anthropogenic air pollution. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 reinforce the support of these goals. (See Chapter 22 foj a discussion of federal classes of areas.) These areas include most of the major national parks, such as the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, and Zion Park. This portion of the Clean Air Act ad-... 

A survey by national park personnel indicates that large areas of the United States are subject to varying degrees of visibility degradation (1). The middle portion of the eastern half of the country and the Florida Gulf Coast are subject to widespread hazy air masses associated with stagnation conditions. Large portions of the western half of the country are subject... 

Class I areas are pristine, e.g., national parks, national seashores, natural wilderness areas. 

Other Titles - The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 continue the federal acid rain research program and contain several provisions relating to research, development and air monitoring. They also contain provisions to provide additional unemployment benefits through the Job Training Partnership Act to workers laid off as a consequence of compliance with the Clean Air Act. The Act also contains provisions to improve visibility near National Parks and other parts of the country. Strict enforcement of the Clean Air Act Amendments is the driving force behind pollution abatement. Non-compliance is simply not an option, since there are both financial and criminal liabilities that outweigh any benefits derived from a business. 

Air Quality (in context of the national parks ) the properties and degree of purity of air to which people and natural and heritage resources are exposed. 

AIRWeb Air Resources Web, an air quality information web site for U.S. parks and wildlife refuges developed by the Air Resources Division of the National Park Service and the Air Quality Branch of the Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Class I Area as defined in the Clean Air Act, the following areas that were in existence as of August 7, 1977 national parks over 6,000 acres, national wilderness areas and national memorial parks over 5,000 acres, and international parks. 

Smoky Mountains National Park, spruce-fir forest is a sensitive receptor indicator. 

Merrell National Parke Davis Parke Davis... 

Where regional development is to be undertaken it is reasonable to adopt a positive ecological approach. This can begin with the formulation of a conservation policy with specific goals. These may include the conservation of individual animal/plant species or habitat types which are threatened by development. A program of conservation projects (e.g. the setting up of national parks, country parks or natural reserves) will meet the goals. This positive approach to the ecosystem will not only benefit wildlife but will also create the opportunities for tourism and leisure, which are vital adjuncts to most development projects. 

Glacier National Park in Montana is a favorite vacation spot for backpackers. It is about 4100 ft above sea level with an atmospheric pressure of 681 mm Hg. At what temperature does water (AH = 40.7 kj/mol) boil at Glacier National Park ... 

Self-Test 8.7A At the elevation, 2900 m, of Bear Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park, the partial pressure of oxygen is 0.14 atm. What is the molar solubility of oxygen in Bear Lake at 20.°C ... 

Figure 6. An undisturbed primary temperate coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest, USA (Olympic National Park). The nutrient balance of this forest is in a relative equilibrium with elemental inputs closely approximating elemental losses.

Mast, M. A., Drever, J. I., and Baron, J. (1990). Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale watershed. Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Water Resour. Res. 26,2971-2978. 

Meyer, G. A., Wells, S. G., and Jull, A. J. T. (1995). Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 107, 1211-1230. 

Mcmenamin SK, Hadly EA, Wright CK (2008) Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 16988-16993... 

Bone and tooth enamel from modem animals were collected in 1984 and 1993 from skeletons exposed on the surface in Sibiloi National Park, located on the east shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya. In addition to its interest as the site of numerous fossil hominid discoveries, the Turkana area provides an ideal controlled situation for the present study. The park is a circumscribed area surrounded by human pastoral groups and the nondomestic fauna remain to a great extent within its confines. Water sources are limited to the lake, ephemeral streams, a limited number of waterholes, and the plants eaten by the animals. The streams last on the order of days and in dry years do not flow at all. The non-domestic animals from which the bone and enamel were collected likely obtained most of their drinking water from the lake itself Domestic animals entered the park in 1984 during a severe drought. Their drinking water sources may have varied widely. 

Table 6.2. Phosphate 8 0 and collagen 5 C values of tooth enamel and bone of mammals from Sibiloi National Park, East Turkana, Kenya.

Walther, F.R. 1978 Behavioral observations on oryx antelope (Oryx heisa) invading Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Journal ofMammalogy 59 243-260. 

Koch, P. Behrensmeyer, A.P. and Fogel, M.L. 1991 The isotopic ecology of plants and animals in Amhoseli National Park, Kenya. Annual Report of the Director, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, Washington D.C. 1990-1991 163-171. 

However, some of our deer individuals from the arid Joshua Tree National Park in California indicate unusual D-enrichment. This may derive from evapotranspiration in local plants that were part of the diet of the deer and/or in the body fluids of the animals themselves, as is expected in extremely diy environments (Cormie et al., 1994c Bowen et al., 2005). Deer occupy an ecological niche that is relatively simple from the perspective of hydrogen, as their diet consists of leafy vegetation and their water is obtained from surface waters (lakes and streams) that in many cases have D values closely representing mean annual precipitation. In contrast, omnivorous and carnivorous animals consume more diverse diets with more widely varying... 

Woods, F.W. Shanks, R.E. (1959). Natural replacement of chestnut by other species in the Great Smokey Mountains National Park. Ecology, 40, 349-61. 

Gorski PR, Cleckner LB, Hurley JP, Sierzen ME, Armstrong DE. 2003. Factors affecting enhanced mercury bioaccumulation in inland lakes of Isle Royale National Park, USA. Sci Total Environ 304 327-348. 

Hasegawa, K., Terashima, K., Sugimoto, R. and Tsuchiya, T. (1981) Geology and ore deposits of the area around Shikotsu lake in the Shikotsu-Toya National Park, Hokkaido, Japan. Rep. Geol Surv. Hokkaido, 52, 57-70 (in Japanese). 

Fournier, R.O. and Truesdell, A.H. (1970) Chemical indicators of subsurface temperatures applied to hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. Geothermics, 2, 529-535. 

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