Toxicity and Uses

The lethal dose, LD50, to rats and mice (in g/kg body weight) by oral administration is 12 and 20 and by intraperitoneal injection, 12 and 5.6, respectively [17]. Other LD50 values for mice by intraperitoneal injection are 7.52 for 10 d and 5.64 for 20 d [8]. 

The compound is claimed to be a corrosion inhibitor toward iron in 3 M HCIO4 [37, 40]. 

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There are a variety of chemicals that are toxic and used in the drilling fluid makeup. Chromates and asbestos were once commonly used and are now off the market. A mud inventory should be kept for all drilling additives. Included in the inventory are the material safety data sheets (MSDS) that describe each material s pertinent characteristics. The chemicals found on the MSDS sheet should be compared with the priority pollutants and any material should be eliminated if a match is found. The chemicals should also be checked on arrival for breakage and returned to the vendor if defective packaging is found. All mud additives should be housed in a dry area and properly cared for to prevent waste. Chemicals should always be mixed in packaged proportions. Wasted chemicals, ejected to the reserve pit by untrained personnel, can present future liabilities to the operator. 

It is obtained from Streptomyces noursei. It has similar antifungal action as amphotericin but is highly toxic and used topically only. It is effective against Candida, Histoplasma, Trichophyton, Blastomyces, Microsporum audouini etc. It is indicated in Candida albicans especially oral moniliasis. 

Chemically it is trivalent arsenical used for advanced CNS African trypanosomiasis. It is administered IV in propylene glycol and after administration it is rapidly excreted. It is highly toxic and used only in advanced trypanosomiasis when no alternative is there. 

As the use of metabonomics advances, there are several challenges facing scientists using this tool that must be addressed in order to make it more mainstream and more relevant to predicting toxicity, and useful for hazard identification, human risk assessment and clinical medicine. First, advancing the use of metabonomics to identify mechanisms of toxicity is essential, and such efforts should help to increase the overall usefulness, validity, and relevance of toxicity prediction and biomarker development. Second, the use of metabonomic evaluations in the course of chronic toxicity rather than the heretofore emphasis on acute studies will help to establish its place in following the... 

Table 30.3 provides detail of toxicity of individual agents. The following is an overview of the mode of action and toxicity and use of the principal groups of c5rtotoxic drugs. 

The initial diagnosis of drug-induced kidney disease typically involves detection of elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, for which there is a temporal relationship between the toxicity and use of a potentially nephrotoxic drug. 

Arsenic salts and arsines are extremely toxic, and uses of arsenic compounds in weedkillers, sheep- and cattle-dips, and poisons against vermin are less widespread than was once the case (see Box 14.1). Antimony compounds are less toxic, but large doses result in liver damage. Potassium antimony tartrate tartar emetic) was used medicinally as an emetic and expectorant but has now been replaced by less toxic reagents. Bismuth is one of the less toxic heavy metals and compounds, such as the subcarbonate (Bi0)2C03, find use in stomach remedies including treatments for peptic ulcers. 

One important application of TIs and substructural parameters has been in the quantification of molecular similarity. In practical drug design and risk assessment, good-quality QSARs of specific classes of chemicals, if available, are the best option. However, class-specific QSARs are often not available. In such cases, one selects analogues of the chemical of interest (lead or toxicant), and uses the property of... 

Arsenic salts and arsines are extremely toxic, and uses of arsenic compounds in weedkillers, sheep- and cattle-dips, and poisons against vermin are less widespread than was... 

Generally toxic, with aromatic amines showing carcinogenic tendencies. Newer types less toxic Considered non-toxic as also used in foods. Recently investigated and found non-carcinogenic Only class of tin compound classified as of low toxicity and used in medical applications e.g. di-(n-octyl)tin maleate polymer... 

This comprehensive reference book on organic solvents examines the physical and chemical properties, toxicities, and uses of solvents used in the chemical and related process industries. Environmental concerns and safe handling of solvents are also examined. The term solvent may be defined ... 

The ratio between inherent toxicity and use or exposure level can be used to compare relative risk. Table 1-3 compares the risk of urea toxicosis with risk of monensin toxicosis, two substances that are commonly added to cattle feeds. 

Chemical Toxicity. In chemistry courses students learn a lot about what a chemical can do for them, but they know woefully little about what a chemical can do to them This deficiency in their chemical education is a result of standard and currently recommended academic practices. (For example, almost all new laboratory manuals in general and organic chemistry have eliminated the use of benzene and dichromate because of their carcinogenic status.) For reasons of safety and economy teaching laboratories tend to make use of small amounts of reagents with minimum toxicity, and use low-risk procedures, such as microscale. Students have only a single or at most a few exposures to any one chemical, and learning about a chemical s toxicity is minimal. These procedures often continue into advanced courses, and even research projects. Spills and waste disposal are handled by the instructors. 

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