Feeding standards

Feeding standards, which have been instituted nationally, indicate the amount of the essential amino acids (together with other nutrients) for the rational breeding of domestic animals. The feeding standards of the National Research Council (NRC) of the United States and Agricultural Research Council (ARC) of the United Kingdom are well known (the former indicates the minimal amount and the latter shows the recommended amount). 

Japanese Feeding Standards have been instituted (97). 

Feed Standard pellet diet given in the morning (ssniff Pri 10 mm), and additional feed with a high protein content is offered in the afternoon (ssniff Mar 10 mm) together with fresh fruits, vegetables, and bread Standard pellet diet (ssniff Mar 10 mm), ftuits, vegetables, special mash, meal worms, cat food... 

The performance of the combustion method compares favorably with that of the mercury catalyst Kjeldahl method for determination of crude protein in feeds. Standard deviations by the combustion method covered the full range of possibilities compared to the Kjeldahl method values were either equivalent, better than, or not as good as for the Kjeldahl method. For the 0.5-mm pairs, values ranged from 0.09% to 0.58% protein for the Kjeldahl method and from 0.14% to 0.33% protein for the combustion method, and (SR) values ranged from 0.23% to 0.86% protein (Kjeldahl) and from 0.30% to 0.61% protein (combustion). 

No comparable recommendations exist in other countries. UK nutrient requirement standards were prepared in the past by national committees (e.g. ARC, 1975) but they have not been updated recently. Australian feeding standards were published in 1987 (SCA, 1987) but have not been... 

SCA (1987) Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock-Poultry. Standing Committee on Agriculture. CSIRO Editorial and Publishing Unit, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 

Due to the parallel nature of the buffer and the non-medicated feed extract standard curves, a method of quantification in the absence of a non-medicated feed standard curve is described. This method will require the analysis of each sample twice - once with the addition of a known amount of maduramicin added to the sample and once without the addition. Calculating the values based on a buffer standard curve, the true value of the sample can be generated from the following equation ... 

Use Intermediate for myristic acid detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants, plasticizers, textiles, animal feeds, standard for gas chromatography, flavoring. 

The animal uses the nutrients obtained from foods for a variety of purposes. This part describes how the nutrient requirements of the animal are quantified and expressed as feeding standards. 

Individual variations between animals, and between samples of a food, must always be considered when applying feeding standards as such variation will inevitably lead to inaccuracies. For this reason, feeding standards should be considered as guides to feeding practice and not as inflexible rules they do not replace the art of the farmer in the finer adjustment of food intake to animal performance. The application of feeding standards is not restricted to individual animals they can also be used at farm scale to calculate, for example, the total winter feed requirement of a dairy herd, or used at national level to assist in planning food imports. 

Feeding standards have been developed in many other countries. In the USA, the standards used have been developed by the National Research Council similarly, Australia has a national committee to develop and publish standards. In Europe, the Netherlands has a Central Feed Bureau to publish and revise standards, and Germany, France and the Scandinavian countries have similar organisations. Some of the manuals produced by these organisations are listed in the further reading section, and examples of their use are included in the text. However, it is not possible to provide a comprehensive coverage of all the standards available. 

The main users of feeding standards are commercial companies that supply concentrate feeds as complete diets for pigs and poultry and as complementary feeds to forages consumed by ruminants. Nutritional advisers and consultants also use them to formulate diets and advise farmers. Commercial feed companies often modify published standards in order to meet the specific needs of their customers. For example, the nutrient requirements of poultry tend to change from one generation to the next because of the speed of genetic selection and improvement. Consequently, national feeding standards fail to... 

Energy requirements for maintenance can be calculated from various feeding standards. Although it is not possible to include all the standards, requirements calculated using some of the most widely known standards are presented here. The energy requirements for maintenance of cattle published by AFRC (1993) are based on fasting metabolism (F, MJ/day) and can be predicted as follows ... 

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