Animals domestication

W. J. Hayes, Jr., and E. R. Laws, Jr., eds.. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990. Three volume set provides detailed toxicological profiles of more than 250 insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides each compound described by identity, properties, and uses toxicity to humans, laboratory animals, domestic animals, and wildlife includes comprehensive coverage of diagnosis, treatment, prevention of injury, effects on domestic animals, wildlife, and humans - ISjOOO references. 

Heavy metals on or in vegetation and water have been and continue to be toxic to animals and fish. Arsenic and lead from smelters, molybdenum from steel plants, and mercury from chlorine-caustic plants are major offenders. Poisoning of aquatic life by mercury is relatively new, whereas the toxic effects of the other metals have been largely eliminated by proper control of industrial emissions. Gaseous (and particulate) fluorides have caused injury and damage to a wide variety of animals—domestic and wild—as well as to fish. Accidental effects resulting from insecticides and nerve gas have been reported. 

The debate intensified recently with the publication of Richards et al. (2003), which claimed that, in Britain at least, on the evidence of bone collagen < 13, the transition from the Mesolithic to Neolithic (c. 4000 cal. bc) was a sharp one, with a complete abandonment of marine resources in the Neolithic, even by coastal communities (Fig. 8.10). This was further interpreted as being the result of a very rapid adoption of the Neolithic lifestyle of plant and animal domestication, contrary to earlier views which argued for a gradual shift. Perhaps predictably, this has provoked a sharp debate focusing on both the interpretation of isotopic evidence (Milner et al. 2003) and on evidence to the contrary for other parts of Europe (Liden et al. 2003). Milner et al. (2003) summarize the assumptions upon which the... 

Toxoplasmosis. This disease is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which normally causes an asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. This protozoan also infects a very wide variety of animals domestic cats are one source of human infection. Unlike Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma is an intracellular parasite and can invade numerous organs of infected individuals. In AIDS patients, the... 

It should be clear that all animals are susceptible to some toxicants and that some toxicants are toxic to all animals (including humans). It is therefore important to be cautious when handling and using chemicals around animals also, a clean environment must be provided for all animals. Domestic animals particularly are subject to the whims of their owners for hazard-free environments. Animals should be fed well-balanced quality food from reputable sources, and suspect feed should be either avoided or carefully examined for potential toxicants before being given to animals. 

Biota Animals domestic (5) Animals wild (5) Diversity of vegetation types (9) Variety within vegetation types (5) Mood/Atmosphere Awe/inspiration (11) Isolation/solitude (11) Mystery (4) Oneness with nature (11)... 

Through cultural innovation and changes in habitat and ecology, there have been a number of major dietary shifts in human evolution, including meat eating, cooking, and those associated with plant and animal domestication. The analysis performed on the gut microbiota of humans living a modem lifestyle revealed that the microbial community is typical of omnivorous primates. ... 

T. Sweeney, Is exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds during fetal/ post-natal development affecting the reproductive potential of farm animals , Domest. Anim. Endocrinol., 2002, 23, 203-209. 

Diamond, J. 2002. Evolution, consequences and the future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 418, 700-707. 

I6I C. Warfarin baits need contain only 0 025% active principle, and rats are killed after ingesting about 5 doses the bait can be left down and the risk of acute toxicity to man or domestic animals is not serious. In common with other coumarin derivatives, warfarin reduces the clotting power of blood and death is caused by haemorrhages initiated by any slight injury. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist, and large oral doses of the vitamin can be given as an antidote. 

Many species of mminants exist worldwide (1). The feeds and feed additives common to U.S. agriculture for the nutrition and management of domesticated mminant animals, ie, catde, sheep, and goats, are discussed hereia. 

Fibers for commercial and domestic use are broadly classified as natural or synthetic. The natural fibers are vegetable, animal, or mineral ia origin. Vegetable fibers, as the name implies, are derived from plants. The principal chemical component ia plants is cellulose, and therefore they are also referred to as ceUulosic fibers. The fibers are usually bound by a natural phenoHc polymer, lignin, which also is frequentiy present ia the cell wall of the fiber thus vegetable fibers are also often referred to as lignocellulosic fibers, except for cotton which does not contain lignin. 

Derived plant and animal products make better use or upgrade the nutritional quaHty of already existing materials or products. Synthetic and manufactured products arose from knowledge of the functional properties of food ingredients and of human and animal nutrition that involved more precise definition of nutrient requirements for growth, reproduction, lactation, and body maintenance in both humans and domestic Hvestock. Pood products have been developed to meet human needs under abnormal environments, eg, military rations for arctic, tropical, or desert environments, and special products for astronauts ia space flights. 

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

Mineral Feed. Mineral feed supplements for domestic animals and fowl usually contain a pure form of pulverized limestone. In fact, some state laws require the supplement to be at least 35% available calcium. Other sources of calcium are bone meal and dicalcium phosphate. Use as mineral feed has been a steadily growing market for limestone. The material is ground to 90% minus 0.15 mm (100 mesh) or 80% minus 0.9074 mm (200 mesh), is low in silica, and has strict tolerances on arsenic and fluorine (see Feeds and feed additives). 

The group of tests that must be performed for each pesticide depends on how that pesticide is to be used. For example, if a pesticide is not used on food or feed crops, extensive residue and metaboHsm tests in plants and domestic animals might not be required. Similarly, if a pesticide is not used in field crops nor on other extensive outdoor areas, aH the environmental fate studies might not be required. 

General metabolism (biotransfomiation) Dermal penetration Domestic animal safety... 

---