Feed crops

Pesticides are more closely regulated than other chemicals because pesticides are intentiaHy appHed in the environment, often repeatedly at relatively high rates. In the United States, pesticides are regulated under the federal Insecticide, fungicide and Rodenticide Act (EIERA), and residues from uses of pesticides in food or feed crops are regulated under Sections 408 and 409 of the federal food, Dmg and Cosmetics Act (EEDCA). 

The group of tests that must be performed for each pesticide depends on how that pesticide is to be used. For example, if a pesticide is not used on food or feed crops, extensive residue and metaboHsm tests in plants and domestic animals might not be required. Similarly, if a pesticide is not used in field crops nor on other extensive outdoor areas, aH the environmental fate studies might not be required. 

Region Total, t Fungicide, % Animal feed, % Crop nutrient, %... 

ERA Food and Feed Crop Dictionary http //www.epa.gov/opphed01/foodfeed/-old/lookatX.htm... 

G.M. Markle, J.J. Baron, and B. A. Schneider, Food and Feed Crops ofthe United States, second edition, Meister, Wdloughby, OH (1998). 

Similar findings on dairy farms in Canada were reported by Stonehouse, et al. (2001). The superior economic performance on organic dairy farms was attributed to lower costs of production for almost all material inputs, including dairy herd replacements and livestock feeds. The organic dairy farmers used more land for feed crop production for the dairy cows in order to be as self-sufficient as possible. The conventional dairy farmers imported crop seeds, synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides, feedstuffs and herd replacements, with more of their land being devoted to cash crops. 

Plants used to produce PRPs should be amenable to confinement . Isolation distances were increased, and the cultivation of food and feed crops following a PRP crop was discouraged. New hazard and exposure data for human and livestock health assessment may also be required from PRP-containing traditional food or feed crops prior to the approval of field trials. Exposure risk concerns the potential for PRPs to be present in human food or animal feed, and where exposure can occur, what mechanisms are used to limit biological activity. Hazards included direct toxicity and allergenicity in humans or animals as well as hazards presented by the coproduct streams that result from processing. These latter requirements could place a major burden on proponents to prove their materials are safe prior to even confined field trials. 

Watson, J., Koya, V, Leppia, S.H., and Daniell, H. (2004). Expression of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen in transgenic chloroplasts of tobacco, a non-food/feed crop. Vaccine 22 4374-4384. 

When zinc fertilizers are used on soils deficient in zinc, crop production may be increased even though the zinc concentration in the plant tissues and especially in the seed show no increase. With higher levels of zinc fertilization, the zinc concentration in plants may increase. Some evidence shows that the value of food and feed crops as sources of dietary zinc can be improved by using zinc fertilizers at rates exceeding those required for optimal plant growth. However, very high rates of zinc fertilization can depress crop yields. 

Tolerances are normally required in cases where the legal use of a pesticide might result in residues on a food or feed crop. Tolerances are specific to commodity/pesticide combinations the same pesticide may have different tolerance levels established for different commodities while the same commodity may have several different tolerance levels established for different pesticides. 

Shift to meat diet demand growth for feed crops... 

Alkaloids in feed crops, particularly grasses, can cause potentially fatal poisoning of livestock. Phalaris grasses used for pasture and forage in Australia have caused neurological and sudden death intoxication syndromes in livestock. Alkaloids similar to tryptamine and P-carboline have been implicated in these incidents.15... 

In summary, cotton s future is positive. Cotton use should benefit from consumer demand stemming from favorable economic growth prospects and because of research. On the production side, global output should continue to provide an adequate supply for mill demand. Finally, cotton, one of the most important textile fibers and one of the world s important oilseed crops, should continue to be recognized as a significant commodity in world trade and the consumption of this important fiber, food, and feed crop will continue to grow but at a slower rate than synthetic fibers. 

Plant heavy-feeding crops such as corn, tomatoes, and cabbage the season before light-feeders such as root vegetables, bulb crops, and herbs. Plant a soil-building crop in the third season. 

Tetrachlorvinphos is classified as a possible human carcinogen. It is not registered for use on any food or feed crop. Human dietary exposure is mainly secondary through livestock uses. Industrial and agricultural workers who are involved in handling and applying tetrachlorvinphos are at a higher risk of exposure. 

Bioresources include any organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste materials. 

E. coli 0157 H7 in cattle production, and is discussed further below. Managing manure to eliminate pathogens will reduce not only a source of E. coli 0157 H7 for the reinfection of cattle, but also the risk of transmission of this organism to the environment, including water and human food and animal feed crops. 

E. coli 0157 H7 cattle infections, and /or (2) increasing the risks for furfher environmental contamination (e.g., water, soils, food and feed crops), fhat in turn increase the risk for human exposure and infection. 

Under Sections 408 and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) EPA establishes tolerances, or mtiximum pesticide residue limits, for food and feed commodities that are marketed in the United States. Before a pesticide can be registered under FIFRA for use on a food or feed crop, EPA must either establish a tolerance for that use, or grant an exemption from the tolerance requirement. Determination of tolerances involves carefiil review... 

FFF Feeds, feed crops, forages, roughages, animal diets, premixes, concentrates. 

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