Distilled oils, definition

The determination of the temperature at which an oil begins to boil is often of importance, as is also the percentage of the oil which distils within definite limits of temperature. The results obtained in distillation processes must, however, be interpreted very carefully, as the quantitative results depend so largely on the exact conditions of distillation. For ordinary purposes, an ordinary Wurtz flask is useful for determining the temperature at which the liquid first boils, but when an examination of... 

Synonyms Amyris balsamifera Amyris balsamifera oil Amyris oil Amyris oil. West Indian type Sandalwood oil Sandalwood oil. West Indian West Indian rosewood oil West Indian sandalwood oil Definition Produced by steam distillation of wood from Amyris balsamifera tree, contg. caryophyllene, cadinene, cadinol Properties Pale-yel. liq. sandalwood odor burning taste sol. in alcohol dens. 0.96 kg/l (20 C) ref. index 1.5035-1.5120(20 C)... 

Synonyms Bersera delpechiana Bersera delpechiana wood oil Linaloe wood oil Definition Volatile oil distilled from a Mexican wood, Bersera delpechiana and other species, contg. linalool, geraniol, methylheptenone Properties Colorless to pale yel. liq. pleasant floral woody odor sol. in 2 vols 70% alcohol sol. in ether, chloroform si. sol. in water dens. 0.875-0.890 (15/15 C) ref. index 1.4638 (20 C)... 

Classification Petroleum distillate solvent Definition Mixt. of n- and iso-paraffins, aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthenes, obtained from distillation of crude oil or nat. gasoline consists of predominantly C9-12 sat. hydrocarbons Properties Colorless liq. char, odor insol. in water dens. 0.75-0.82 cm vapor pressure 0.2-0.6 kPa (20 C) m.p. -48 to -26 C b.p. 138-178 C flash pt. (CC) 38-60 C autoignition temp. 229-260 C... 

Synonyms Oleum abietis Pine oil Pine, white, oil Pinus palustris Pinus palustris oil White pine oil Yarmor Yarmor pine oil Definition Volatile oil obtained from distillation di Pinus palustris Properties Colorless to pale yel. liq., penetrating pine odor sol. in org. soivs. insol. in water dens. 0.86 b.p. 200-220 C flash pt. (CC) 172 F ref. index 1.470-1.485 tenacity 24 hrs. on blotter... 

The oil that remains is only slightly dark. Definitely translucent which is always lovely. One can then add some water to take up the unreacted salts and separate the oil from this. If an emulsion forms it can be busted up with some 10% HCl. That isosafrole is clean enough to proceed with but it can of course be distilled for ultra purity. 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

When simple Hquids like naphtha are cracked, it may be possible to determine the feed components by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (gc/ms) (30). However, when gas oil is cracked, complete analysis of the feed may not be possible. Therefore, some simple definitions are used to characterize the feed. When available, paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics (PONA) content serves as a key property. When PONA is not available, the Bureau of Mines Correlation Index (BMCI) is used. Other properties like specific gravity, ASTM distillation, viscosity, refractive index. Conradson Carbon, and Bromine Number are also used to characterize the feed. In recent years even nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been... 

An absolutely scientific definition of the term essential cr volatile oils is hardly possible, but for all practical purposes they may be defined as odoriferous bodies of an oily nature obtained almost exclusively from vegetable sources, generally liquid (sometimes semi-solid or solid) at ordinary temperatures, and volatile without decomposition. This definition must be accepted within the ordinary limitations which are laid down by the common acceptation of the words, which will make themselves apparent in the sequel, and show that no more restricted definition is either advantageous or possible. Many essential oils, for example, are partially decomposed when distilled by themselves, and some even when steam distilled. 

From the practical point of view, the principal variation of environment which is definitely under the control of the cultivator, is, of course, the alteration in the composition of the soil, which is brought about by scientific manuring, llie analysis of fruits and vegetables will give the ordinary agriculturist much information as to the necessary mineral ingredients to be added to the soil but in the case of essential oils, the conditions are entirely different. The various parts of the plant tissue are affected in different ways by the same mineral salts, and successful development of the fruit or any other given part of the plant may have little or no relationship with the quantity or quality of essential oil produced. So that it is only by actual distillations of the plant, or portion of the plant, coupled with an exhaustive examination of the essential oil, that informative results can be obtained. 

Used oil distillation bottoms. When used oil is recycled, residues (called distillation bottoms) form at the bottom of the recycling unit. To promote the recycling of used oil and the beneficial reuse of waste materials, U.S. EPA excluded these residues from the definition of hazardous waste when the bottoms are used as ingredients in asphalt paving and roofing materials. 

Early History.—Although the destructive distillation of partially dehydrated sulphate such as alum was undoubtedly practised very early, even perhaps in the tenth century, the first definite details of the process emanated from Basil Valentine towards the end of the fifteenth century, who described the distillation of green vitriol with silica the name oil of vitriol is derived from this process. Basil Valentine also obtained an acid product by the combustion of a mixture of sulphur and saltpetre, the identity of this sulphuric add with oil of vitriol being first proved by A. Libavius in 1595. 

At 25° C. 100 grams of glycerol very slowly dissolve 20-8 grams of the oxide.8 In ethyl malonate the solubility in 100 g. is 0-058 g. at 15° C. and 0-061 g. at 100° C.9 Arsenious oxide is volatile in ethyl malonate vapour, 0-09 g. having been observed to be carried over during the distillation of 100 g. of the ester. The oxide dissolves in -warm ethylene glycol, but no definite chemical compound is obtainable from the solution.10 The -vitreous form dissolves slightly in ether, carbon disulphide, fatty oils and turpentine. 

The word liquid is used throughout the book to indicate a petroleum liquid. It means oil, crude oil, condensate, distillate, as the case may be. The various regulatory bodies which oversee the petroleum industry have attempted to attach special definitions to these terms. These definitions are often contradictory and add confusion to the study of reservoir fluid properties. 

As for similar additives for jet and gas-turbine fuels, the literature is sparse on those distillate fuel-oil additives reported to have definite beneficial influence on actual combustion and is confined largely to claims that certain stability improvers also reduce carbon deposits in preheaters and on burner tips. However, a recent report indicates that ferrocene has recently been groomed for a job as combustion catalyst in home heaters (15). As mentioned previously, this substance is reported to have excellent properties for prevention of carbon formation (2). 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, garlic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, rhe physical process of expression, applied mostly to citrus fruits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2-15% nonvolatile material. 

The first application of pervaporation was the removal of water from an azeotropic mixture of water and ethanol. By definition, the evaporative separation term /3evap for an azeotropic mixture is 1 because, at the azeotropic concentration, the vapor and the liquid phases have the same composition. Thus, the 200- to 500-fold separation achieved by pervaporation membranes in ethanol dehydration is due entirely to the selectivity of the membrane, which is much more permeable to water than to ethanol. This ability to achieve a large separation where distillation fails is why pervaporation is also being considered for the separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures in oil refinery applications. The evaporation separation term in these closely boiling mixtures is again close to 1, but a substantial separation is achieved due to the greater permeability of the membrane to the aromatic components. 

Essential oil Many definitions exist, referring to the odoriferous and volatile products from natural sources. Usually extracted by expression or steam distillation from a single species, producing an essential oil that corresponds to that species in chemical composition and odour. 

Beilstein and Kuhlberg, in their Eleventh Treatise on Isomers of the Toluene Series, (2) give the honor to Pelletier and Walters, also French chemists, who obtained an oil from the distillation of pine resin, and from which oil they separated a liquid which they called retinaptha. Their description of this liquid is this It is a very clear liquid,. . . boiUng at 108° C., and it is not completely solidified at —20°. The results of three analyses indicate the formula CtHs. (This is just half the molecular formula given by Deville to his substance.) One could also give the formula CuHie, but there is no definite ground for such a statement. In fact, the vapor density is 3.23— the vapor density corresponding to the formula CyHs would be 3.226. ... 

Several of the dialkylamides of (trichlorophosphoranyli-dene)sulfamic acid are colorless oils which are obtained from the reaction mixture by evaporation of the solvent and purified by vacuum distillation. The latter is accompanied by some decomposition and a definite reduction in total yield. Caution. It is extremely important that air he kept out during the vacuum distillation. Otherwise, decomposition can he vigorous and extensive.) The chlorine atoms in all of these compounds are highly susceptible to solvolytic attack. 

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