West Indians

Aniline was first isolated in 1826 as a degradation prod uct of indigo a dark blue dye obtained from the West Indian plant Indigofera anil from which the name aniline IS derived... 

Lime Oil. This oil is obtained from the fmit Citrus aurantijolia Swingle the Key, Mexican, or West Indian lime or C latijolia Tanaka, the Persian lime, either by steam distillation or expression. Either the entire cmshed fmit or only the peel may be used, depending on the specific properties desired. A typical commercial distilled lime oil contains the constituents shown in Table 10 (25). 

From West Indian lime oil, a trace low Foiling constituent, 1-methyl-1,3-(or 1,5 /74< 5 -3 7- -cyclohexadiene has been characterized (27). This compound, which possesses an intense and characteristic lime aroma, was later confirmed to be the 1,3-isomer [1489-56-1] (11). This compound can easily be made in a biomimetic way through the reaction of citral [5392-40-5] (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal) with citric acid (28,29). 

Amyris Oil. Obtained by steam distillation of the wood of y m hakamijera L., the so-called West Indian sandalwood which is indigenous to northern South America, Central America, and the West Indies, amyris oil [8015-65-4] is a pale yellow to brownish yellow viscous oil with a slightly oily-sweet and occasionally peppery balsamic woody note. It finds use as a blender and fixative for soap fragrances. The volatile constituents, which are primarily hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, are shown in Table 22 and Figure 5 (63). 

West Indian nrange oil occasionally has a retractive index as low aa J-4700, hiiL this is an exceptiunally low value. 

West Indian Elemi oil is distilled from Darroi/de.v the ilnrseracetc. The vield of oil is about 16 per cent., tiie oil having a specific gravity 0-8875 and optical rotalioo - id"" 20. More found tr-pineue and f-sylvesLi-eiiC in the oil. The presence of the latter terpene has been confirmed by Schimme). A Co. ... 

Cadinene owes its name to its occuiTence in considerable quantity in oil of cade—which, of course, is not a true essential oil, but the product of destructive distillation. It is found in numerous essential oils, including those of patchouli, savin, galbanum, camphor, cedar wood. West Indian santal, juniper, and many others. Cadinene is best prepared as follows —... 

The fraction of oil of cade boiling at 260° to 280° is converted into cadinene dihydrochloride by saturating its solution in dry ether with dry hydrochloric acid gas. The hydrochloride is separated, dried, and leorystallised, and the hydrochloric acid removed by heating it with aniline or with sodium acetate in glacial acetic acid. The liberated cadinene is rectified in a current of steam. Cadinene from oil of cade is highly laevo-rotatory, the dextro-rotatory variety being obtained from Atlas cedar oil and West Indian sandalwood oil. 

The alcohols of the so-called West Indian sandalwood oil, which is distilled from a species of Amyris, are known under the name of amyrol. It is, in all probability a mixture of two alcohols of the formulae CjjHjjO Its characters are as follows —... 

Sirenia (0/2) In the Sea Cows, the West Indian genus, one of the freshwater Manatees (Trichecus manatus) lacks the organ in the adult, and has a reduced MOS (Mackay-Sim et al., 1985). With the marine Dugong, a similar diminution would be expected but is not proven. 

Mackay-Sim A., Duvall D. and Graves B.M. (1985). The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) lacks a vomeronasal organ. Brain Behav Evol 27, 186-194. 

One property of the flour that is controlled by the miller is the extraction rate. Wholemeal flour has a 100% extraction rate, with brown, white and patent white having progressively reduced extraction rates. One obvious difference is the colour. Another is that the quality of the protein increase towards the middle of the wheat berry from which patent flour is produced. Thus, patent flour is sometimes used not to produce whiter bread but in products like hlo pastry or West Indian patties where the strength that patent flour gives is important and the colour is irrelevant. 

Patent flour has two classes of use. It can be used to make whiter bread or where very high protein content is required. The use of patent flour to make bread seems to be dying out. Its use does, however, remain popular in South Wales. There are various examples of products where patent flour is used for its protein quality, e.g. filo pastry and West Indian patties. Both of these products are brown so the colour of the flour is not important. 

There are two other much older methods of making bread that rely on mechanical dough development. One is exhibition bread the other is West Indian bread. 

West Indian bread making, in contrast, was presumably developed to cope with high ambient temperatures when mechanical refrigeration was not available. Attempts to use the sort of bulk fermentation used in the UK would cause problems because of the high dough temperature. 

Bayer PM (1961) The shallow-water octocorallia of the West Indian region. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague... 

Minerals South Pacific North Pacific West Indian Atlantic Red Clay Siliceous Oozes... 

A notable example of a ooastal system in which intense denitrification occurs seasonaiiy is the west Indian shelf and inshore waters, in this setting, denitrification has been observed to oompletely remove ali nitrate and nitrite, enabiing suifate reduction to proceed. Water column depth profiles documenting the spatiai and temporai deveiopment of these conditions are provided in the supplemental information for Chapter 24.4.5 that is available at http //elsevierdirect.eom/companions/97801230885305. 

M2. McFarlane, H., Attempts at the differentiation of treponemal antibodies in human serum. Sci. Meet. Standing Adv. Cmnm. Med. Res. Brit. Caribbean, 9th. [West Indian Med. J. 13, 141 (1964). Abstr.]... 

Morrison, E. Y. S. A. and M. West. A preliminary study of the effects of some West Indian medicinal plants on blood sugar levels in the dog. West Indian MedJ 1982 31 194-197. 

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