Chemical Definitions

The absoiption spectra of these three materials are shown in the bottom panel of Figure 9-16. From these spectra it becomes clear that the m-LPPP shows the longest effective conjugation length 23 the best resolution of vibronic progression, and the steepest onset of absorption [231. Therefore, one would assume the m-LPPP to be a material of the highest chemical definition. This is indeed con-... 

Facilitate pre-vulcanisation processing, increase softness, extensibility and flexibility of the vulcanised end-product. The rubber processing industry consumes large quantities of materials which have a plasticising function complex mixtures (paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic) of mineral hydrocarbon additives, used with the large tonnage natural and synthetic hydrocarbon rubbers, are termed process oils. Because of the complexity of these products, precise chemical definition is usually not attempted. If the inclusion of an oil results in cost reduction it is functioning as an extender. The term plasticiser is commonly reserved for synthetic liquids used with the polar synthetic rubber. 

The technical terms homogeneity and inhomogeneity defined in analytical chemistry must be distinguished from the physicochemical concept of homogeneity and heterogeneity (Danzer and Ehrlich [1984]). Whereas the thermodynamical definition refers to morphology and takes one-phase-or multi-phase states of matter as the criterion, the analytical-chemical definition is based on the concentration function... 

The Consumer. An important part of the public information process is the consumer. All the nutritional information in the world is no use unless the consumers can make use of it. While the consumer does not need to know the chemical definition of trans fatty acids it is to be hoped that they can understand the need to limit the consumption of such acids. 

According to the conventional simple chemical definition, the valence compounds are those in which individual atoms are assumed to reach a filled valence shell by accepting, donating or sharing electrons. This definition was first applied to the compounds (normal valence compounds) where the cations may donate the exact number of electrons to complete the valence shells (particularly the octet shells) of every anion. 

The following chemical definitions describe these changes. 

A general chemical definition for acids and bases was proposed by Svante Arrhe-... 

Here it should be emphasized that chemical definition is exactly opposite. According to the convention in physics, the signs coincide with those in mathematics. The traditional chemical signs are converted, however. Thus, the sign in Eqs. (10) and (11) must be converted, as follows ... 

This relation is derived from the physical definition as well as from the optical rotation. By chemical definition, if the plane of polarization as seen by an observer looking toward the light source, is rotated clock-wise, the rotation is positive. Equation (27) then converts to ... 

The derivation of the topological distance matrix from the molecular graph is followed by the assignment of PPPs to the nodes of the graph. The following list provides chemical definitions of the five PPP types that are implemented in the CATS descriptor. The upper-case letter in parentheses is the abbreviation of each PPP type. Additionally, a functional group description is paired with its corresponding SMARTS in square brackets ... 

Pharmacophore CV descriptors are highly modifiable. Several parameters can be altered and tweaked. Examples are the chemical definitions of the PPPs, the considered minimum and maximum distance between an atom pair, the bin-... 

Of course, it can also be argued that if a transfer effect is expressible by including in the relevant equation factors of the form of equation (118), then such a chemically definite model of the transfer effect amounts to a more complete statement of the reaction mechanism. To that extent, therefore, the border line between exchange and transfer effects in mechanistic solvent isotope effect studies becomes shrouded in semantics. 

The largest area of ignorance and therefore the most promising field far investigation lies in nucleation. Breck s synthesis required SiC>2 in die form of colloidal silica sol to make silica-rich type Y. We have since learned to seed the batch with a freshly prepared slurry (18), and use cheaper silica sources. But we are far from a chemical definition of the nucleating agent... 

M.S. Gopinathan, K. Jug, Valency. I. Quantum chemical definition and properties, Theo-ret. Chim. Acta (Berl.) 63 (1983) 497. 

The FDA s regulatory chemical definition for trans fatty acids is all unsaturated fatty acids that contain one or more isolated (i.e., nonconjugated) double bonds in a trans configuration. Under this wording, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) would be excluded from the definition of trans fat, but trans vaccenic acid would be included. This definition was reconfirmed as of June 24, 2004.162... 

Chemical definition of the vacuum is a region of three-dimensional space devoid of matter. Chemical matter is the source of gravitational and electromagnetic fields and the removal of matter from some region of space does not prevent these fields from permeating the vacuum so created. There is only one way to obtain a field-free vacuum and that is by complete annihilation of chemical matter. It is not obvious what effect such annihilation would have on the vacuum. A partial answer to this question is provided by the theory of general relativity that outlines a reciprocal relationship between matter and the geometry of space-time. The implication is clear the physi-... 

Paraffin followed by candelilla wax and microcrystalline waxes, and eventually by beeswax, are considered as the most effective moisture barriers derived from edible waxes (Morillon et al. 2002). There is no satisfactory chemical definition for the term wax which is used for a variety of products of mineral, botanical and animal origin that contain various kinds of fatty materials (Table 23.4). The term resins or lacs can also be used for plant or insect secretions that take place along resins ducts, often in response to injury or infection, and result in more acidic substances (Hernandez 1994). However, all waxes tend to contain wax esters as major components, that is, esters of long-chain fatty alcohols with long chain fatty acids. Depending on their source, they may additionally include hydrocarbons, sterol esters, aliphatic aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, diols, ketones, triacylglycerols, and so on. 

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