Special Definitions

Safety science is still at the beginning of its development. This is already made dear by the fact that many basic concepts it must use have not been fully determined neither have they been universally accepted. Within the framework of standardization, first attempts to move in this direction are discernible. What we should do now is to give them our wholehearted support so that the introduction of special definitions may be implemented with all possible speed, This is why this book will refer to previous work in this field whenever possible. 

From an ethical point of view, however, there is a certain amount of hesitation when contemplating the task of determining a monetary compensation for death by accident, bodily injury, or the loss of idealistic values. Thus defining a dimension called damage should be extended in such a way as to permit incommensurable quantities like bodily injury and damage to property to be included in the dimension of damage.  

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The second set of equations is obtained from the first set by the Gibbs integration at constant intensive variables, as was done in obtaining Eq. III-77. It is convenient, in dealing with a surface species, to introduce some special definitions, two of which are... 

An extremely wide variety of analytical methods are used by RM producers and developers in the certification of RMs for inorganic elemental content. These methods range from the classical, through current instrument based methods to highly specialized definitive methods. 

In contrast to equality, the name of the operation doesn t need to be changed across sub-types for copy. If you know only that you ve been given a Shape, you know that getting a copy will give you the same visible result you have no expectations about anything more, because you have no information on type-specific operations. However, a subtype of shape would have to copy in accordance with its specialized definition of the equality operator, so colored shapes would have to copy the color as well. 

The word variation has a special definition in mathematics. When two numbers vary directly, it means that one of the numbers is a direct multiple of the other. The numbers 7 and 21 vary directly, because 21 is three times 7. When two numbers vary inversely, it means that one number is some multiple of the reciprocal of the other. 

The word liquid is used throughout the book to indicate a petroleum liquid. It means oil, crude oil, condensate, distillate, as the case may be. The various regulatory bodies which oversee the petroleum industry have attempted to attach special definitions to these terms. These definitions are often contradictory and add confusion to the study of reservoir fluid properties. 

By that procedure, an additional factor V l appears in the equation of motion of pep [Eq. (4.29)]. This factor leads to the fact that the four-particle processes accounted for in this manner are not real and may vanish in the thermodynamic limit. At least this is true for four-particle scattering states. However, in the limiting case that we have only two-particle bound states, that is, the neutral gas, we can obtain a kinetic equation for the atoms if we use the special definition of the distribution function of the atoms (4.17) and (4.24). Using the ideas just outlined, the kinetic equation (4.62) was obtained. 

The scientific literature regarding marine organic matter is the cumulative result of research in several traditional scientific disciplines, each with its own specialized definitions and acronyms. This review must draw upon all of that literature, so it is beneficial to introduce some of the specialized terminology that will be encountered by the reader. A useful introduction is provided by simply compiling a list of commonly used acronyms, all of which are defined and used in the definitive volume on marine organic matter that was published recently by Hansell and Carlson (2002). 

Only if the variances are found equal in the statistical sense it is allowed to proceed with the common /-test for the two corresponding means jq and x2. If the F-test signals significant differences one is forced to use special definitions of both the empirical /-value and the degrees of freedom. 

An ionic liquid is a liquid that consists only of ions. However, this term includes an additional special definition to distinguish it from the classical definition of a molten salt. While a molten salt generally refers to the liquid state of a high-melting salt, such as molten sodium chloride, an ionic liquid exists at much lower temperatures (approx. < 100 °C). The most important reported ionic liquids are composed of the following cations and anions ... 

Even in this case, it is possible to introduce "adjoint operators" through the special definitions... 

EPA. 1983b. Specialized definitions. Metal finishing point source category. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 433.11. 

Will all the supporting evidence be clear to the essay s particular audience Do any terms or examples need additional explanation or special definition ... 

Special definitions exist for Almond, Anise and Celery Seed Extracts (B 10.009 -10.011). According to B 10.008 the word artificial or imitation shall be an integral part of the name of such flavouring preparations in identical type. 

In a number of special cases, the above definitions of bioavailability are not directly applicable and singularly complicate the issue [4]. Thus, drugs having active metabolites present a special definitional challenge, particularly prodrugs (i.e., when most or all of the wanted effects are due to an active metabolite). Here, monitoring the... 

The case with one risk bearer is given special attention. First, it is particularly simple. Secondly, as mentioned in Section 6.1.2, all existing fail-stop signature schemes are based on constructions with only one risk bearer hence a special definition simplifies the proofs of these constructions. Thirdly, only this case was treated in previous definitions, and it should become clear how those definitions are related to the ones given here. 

DEFINITIONS. In humidification operations, especially as applied to the system air-water, a number of rather special definitions are in common use. The usual basis for engineering calculations is a unit mass of vapor-free gas, where vapor means the gaseous form of the component that is also present as liquid and gas is the component present only in gaseous form. In this discussion a basis of a unit mass of vapor-free gas is used. In the gas phase the vapor will be referred to as component A and the fixed gas as component B. Because the properties of a gas-vapor mixture vary with total pressure, the pressure must be fixed. Unless otherwise specified, a total pressure of 1 atm is assumed. Also, it is assumed that mixtures of gas and vapor follow the ideal-gas laws. 

In the following the use of the term quantum yield implies that it is either a true differential or a partial one however, another special definition is given. Derivations are carried out for thermal reactions and dependencies demonstrated and explained. This is just a matter of simplicity, since in the application of the formalism the photochemical quantum yields in contrast to the rate constants contain potential dependencies on the mechanism. This is demonstrated in Chapter 3 for complex reactions. 

For tubes the ratio of volume to surface area is geometrically fixed and equal to a quarter of the tube s diameter. Taking this into consideration a special definition is obtained for the Stanton number of the PFTR... 

At this point it proves to be helpful to make use of the special definition of the Stanton number for cooled tube reactors introduced in Section 4.1, Equ. (4-54), in order to describe the second requirement for T. ... 

Polymers which fulfil the special definition of annex VII D of Directive 76/548/EEC do not need a fuU notification as described in Section 5.1. Polymers for which a reduced test program is appropriate must... 

This special definition (4.441) is motivated by the fact that when a standard function is appropriately chosen, activities (and therefore chemical potentials) are (often at least approximately) expressible through easy measurable quantities like concentrations, pressures, etc. (besides this, /Xa must be determined relatively to some fixed level in practice). Note that activities are only positive, dimensionless and their relation to chemical potentials is unique (for the known standard function). Changing the standard function from to /r we can recalculate the corresponding activities from Aq, to a a by... 

This practice should be avoided in general because the reactants or products for which these special definitions of the rate apply are easily forgotten. It must always be kept in mind that in any event, expressions for rv should be used only when the volume of the system remains constant. 

The special definition of formal kinetics can be summarized as follows (Moser, 1983b) ... 

Taking into account that Boruvka and Neumann [10] restricted their treatment to the case of an isotropic surface tension (C = 0) and, moreover, that they in effect introduced a special definition of the surface tension of curved interfaces, viz.. 

Flow in the laminar regime is often characterized by a friction loss factor, which is 64/Re for the Darcy factor or 16/Re for the Fanning factor (this topic wiU be discussed in more details in Chapter 2). As a result, the losses in the laminar regime appear to be a linear function of speed, whereas in the turbulent regime they are proportional to the square of the speed. As we wiU see in Chapter 5, researchers have struggled with special definitions of a modified Reynolds number for non-Newtonian flows. 

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