Inflammatory potential

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine exerting a wide range of cellular responses, that affect biological processes such as lipid metabolism, coagulation, and insulin resistance and the function of endothelial cells. As a major proinflammatory cytokine TNF is also involved in progression of diseases like cancer, Alzheimer, Diabetes type II, cardiovascular, pulmonary or neurological disorders, and many autoimmune diseases. Blocking the action of TNF clearly reduces its inflammatory potential on various autoimmune disorders like Crohn s disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. 

Haines-Butterick LA, Salick DA, Pochan DJ et al (2008) In vitro assessment of the pro-inflammatory potential of beta-hairpin peptide hydrogels. Biomaterials 29 4164-4169... 

In comparison to the Asteraceae, Dilleniidae, and Rosidae, evidence available regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of Caryophyllaceae seems vestigial, hence the urgent need to assess this subclass for its anti-inflammatory potentials. 

Singh S, Majumdar DK, Rehan HMS. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil) and its possible mechanism of action. J Ethnopharmacol 1996 54 19-26. 

Silk fibers or monolayers of silk proteins have a number of potential biomedical applications. Biocompatibility tests have been carried out with scaffolds of fibers or solubilized silk proteins from the silkworm Bombyx mori (for review see Ref. [38]). Some biocompatibility problems have been reported, but this was probably due to contamination with residual sericin. More recent studies with well-defined silkworm silk fibers and films suggest that the core fibroin fibers show in vivo and in vivo biocompatibility that is comparable to other biomaterials, such as polyactic acid and collagen. Altmann et al. [39] showed that a silk-fiber matrix obtained from properly processed natural silkworm fibers is a suitable material for the attachment, expansion and differentiation of adult human progenitor bone marrow stromal cells. Also, the direct inflammatory potential of silkworm silk was studied using an in vitro system [40]. The authors claimed that their silk fibers were mostly immunologically inert in short and long term culture with murine macrophage cells. 

Histamine release was found to be low with respect to P743. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory potential of this compound was also found to be weak, as shown by the low amplitude of leukotriene B4 release (Table 7). 

Wall, R., Ross, R., Fitzgerald, G., and Stanton, C. (2010). Fatty acids from fish The anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Nutr. Res. 68,280-289. 

Crofford LJ (1997) COX-1 and COX-2 tissue expression implications and predictions. J Rheumatol 24, Suppl 49 15-19 Cromlish WA, Kennedy BP (1996) Selective inhibition of cyclogenase-1 and -2 using intact insect cell assays. Biochem Pharmacol 52 1777-1785 Evans AT, Formukong EA, Evans FJ (1987) Actions of cannabis constituents on enzymes of arachidonate metabolism anti-inflammatory potential. Biochem Pharmacol 36 2035-2037... 

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints and cartilage destruction. Several studies discussed above have demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential of GLA-containing oils. These studies suggest that GLA-rich oils can be used to treat inflammatory conditions. 

Compound Anti-inflammatory potential (cortisol = 1) Duration of action (h)... 

Given the pro-inflammatory potential of neutrophils and their contents, there are now several lines of in vitro experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that apoptosis provides an injury-limiting neutrophil clearance mechanism in tissues which would tend to promote resolution rather than persistence of inflammation. 

Fisher, M., Upchurch, K.S., Levine, P.H., Johnson, M.H., Vaudreuil, C.H., Natale, A., andHoogasian, J.J. 1986. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on polymorphonuclear leukocyte inflammatory potential. Inflammation 10, 387-392. 

The release of different cytokines and chemokines is often measured in the supernatant of NM-exposed cells in order to estimate the pro-inflammatory potential of NMs. It is usually done using a reliable and very sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Since the presence of NMs could interact with the optical readouts of ELISA, the cell supernatants are centrifuged to sediment the NMs. However, due to the high affinity of the different proteins to NM surface, also cytokines can adsorb on the particles and be removed during the centrifugation, so their production can be underestimated [59, 65]. 

Suppression of PA synthesis and secretion by macrophages Iji vitro, and suppression of the recruitment of these cells, in response to inflammatory stimuli, ta vivo, can be brought about by physiological levels of anti-inflammatory steroids, such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. The effectiveness of these steroids in the suppression of PA prod jtlon is directly related to their iui vivo anti-inflammatory potential. 

Giembycz MA (2009) Can the anti-inflammatory potential of PDE4 inhibitors be realized guarded optimism or wishful thinking Br J Pharmacol 155 228-290... 

Potential Exposure to Airborne Particles Atmospheric particles of different sizes have been shown to act predominantiy as inflammatory or cytotoxic-apoptotic particles (1, 2). Testing urban samples collected using HVCI showed coarse particles (PM 10 to 2.5) to be more capable of causing cells to release inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), and interleukins 6 and 8 (IL6, IL8) than were fine (PM 2.5 to 0.2) particles. The smaller fine particles (PM 2.5 to 0.2) have less infiammatory potential (1,2,30). Perhaps the reason is because of less mass, or a greater possibility of altering the active surface of smaller particles. For example, if surface area is increased it will increase the potential to produce inflammation. For this reason fine particles have quite variable inflammatory potential. The degree to which specific chemical composition plays a role is not understood sufficiently at this time. 

The n-3 LC-PUFA have a beneficial effect on plasma triglycerides, high blood pressure, whole-blood viscosity, and platelet function they inhibit the expression of cell-adhesion molecules, shift the eicosanoid profile to one of lesser thrombotic and inflammatory potential, improve vessel-wall compliance, and have antiarrhythmic potential (1,2). A number of intervention trials have associated the consumption of fish with decreased mortality from CVD (3-5). High doses of fish oil eliminate both vascular thrombus as well as vascular lesion formation (6). In men who had had a recent myocardial infarction, low-dose dietary supplementation with n-3 LC-PUFA, in addition to the recommended secondary prevention treatments, reduced by 45% the risk of sudden cardiac death, but not the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction (7). It has been shown to mitigate the course of coronary atherosclerosis in humans (8). 

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