Allograft, rejection

Humanized recombinant anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies (Basiliximab, Simulect , and Daclizumab Zenapax ). These antibodies bind with high affinity to the IL-2 receptor on T-lymphocytes and prevent activation and clonal expansion of anti-allograft T-lymphocytes by endogenous IL-2. They are used to prevent kidney allograft rejection. The main side effect is immunosuppression. 

Changelian PS, Flanagan ME, Ball DJ et al (2003) Prevention of organ allograft rejection by a specific Janus kinase 3 inhibitor. Science 302 875-878... 

First clinical trials with OKT3 (therapy of renal allograft rejection)... 

Discuss the desired therapeutic outcomes and appropriate pharmacotherapy used to avoid allograft rejection. 

The literature on chemokines in transplantation has been extensively reviewed in recent years (7-9). In this chapter, we focus on a limited number of chemo-kine receptors where evidence for a functional role has been verified. From the plethora of chemokine receptors, this has been demonstrated for CXCR1/2 in reperfusion injury and for CCR1, CCR5, and CXCR3 during acute and chronic allograft rejection. 

Until recently, it has been difficult to dissect the relative role of each che-mokine in the inflammatory processes leading to allograft rejection, especially as many chemokines and chemokine receptors are seemingly redundant (2,8). Indeed, during allograft rejection, the expression of many chemokines and chemokine receptors can be detected in the allograft—only a few of which represent viable targets for therapeutic intervention (5,6). 

Allograft rejection is thought to be primarily the result of a T helper 1 (Thl)-type immune response. Thl-like T cells often express CXCR3 and CCR5. T... 

Nelson PJ, Krensky AM. Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and allograft rejection. Immunity 2001 14 377-386. 

Hancock WW, Gao W, Faia KL, Csizmadia V. Chemokines and their receptors in allograft rejection. Curr Opin Immunol 2000 12 511-516. 

Bohmig GA, Exner M, Watschinger B, Regele H. Acute humoral renal allograft rejection. Curr Opin Urol 2002 12 95-99. 

Raimondi G, Thomson AW. Dendritic cells, tolerance and therapy of organ allograft rejection. Contrib Nephrol 2005 146 105-120. 

Neuringer IP, Chalermskulrat W, Aris R. Obliterative bronchiolitis or chronic lung allograft rejection a basic science review. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24 3-19. 

Joosten SA, Sijpkens YW, van Kooten C, Paul LC. Chronic renal allograft rejection pathophysiologic considerations. Kidney Int 2005 68 1-13. 

Morita K, Miura M, Paolone DR, et al. Early chemokine cascades in murine cardiac grafts regulate T cell recruitment and progression of acute allograft rejection. J Immunol 2001 167 2979-2984. 

El-Sawy T, Belperio JA, Strieter RM, Remick DG, Fairchild RL. Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated graft damage synergizes with short-term costimulatory blockade to prevent cardiac allograft rejection. Circulation 2005 112 320-331. 

Hancock WW, Wang L, Ye Q, Han R, Lee I. Chemokines and their receptors as markers of allograft rejection and targets for immunosuppression. Curr Opin Immunol 2003 15 479-486. 

Gao W, Topham PS, King JA, et al. Targeting of the chemokine receptor CCR1 suppresses development of acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2000 105 35-44. 

Horuk R, Shurey S, Ng HP, et al. CCRl-specific non-peptide antagonist efficacy in a rabbit allograft rejection model. Immunol Lett 2001 76 193-201. 

Panzer U, Reinking RR, Steinmetz OM, et al. CXCR3 and CCR5 positive T-cell recruitment in acute human renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 2004 78 1341-1350. 

Hauser I A, Spiegler S, Kiss E, et al. Prediction of acute renal allograft rejection by urinary monokine induced by IFN-gamma (MIG). J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 16 1849-1858. 

Hancock WW, Gao W, Csizmadia V, Faia KL, Shemmeri N, Luster AD. Donor-derived IP-10 initiates development of acute allograft rejection. J Exp Med 2001 193 975-980. 

Haskell CA, Hancock WW, Salant DJ, et al. Targeted deletion of CX(3)CR1 reveals a role for fractalkine in cardiac allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2001 108 679-688. 

Robinson LA, Nataraj C, Thomas DW, et al. A role for fractalkine and its receptor (CX3CR1) in cardiac allograft rejection. J Immunol 2000 165 6067-6072. 

MacDonald, T.T. and Ferguson, A. (1977) Hypersensitivity reactions in the small intestine. III. The effects of allograft rejection and of graft-versus-host disease on epithelial cell kinetics. Cell and Tissue Kinetics 10, 301-312. 

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