Dioctyl carbonate

One example of a new class of compound in this area is dioctyl carbonate (1, Table 4.9). The product is synthesized by the trans-esterification reaction of octa-nol and dimethyl carbonate in the presence of alkali catalyst (Fig. 4.20). Dioctyl carbonate (Cetiol CC) is a dry emollient with excellent dermatological compatibility and a comprehensive and convincing performance profile for various appli-... 

Also, operating at 200°C tlie reaction occurs at the carbonyl atom only. In fact, when 1-octanol was used in reactions with DMC in the presence of K2CO3, no methyl ether was observed, but methyl octyl carbonate and dioctyl carbonate were the only products formed. Methylation of alcohols was reported to occur also operating in the presence of tertiary amines (N,N -dimethylamino-pyridine, l,4-diazobicyclo[2,2,2]octane). In this case, however, the catalyst modifies the hard-soft character of the two centers, thus allowing the nucleophilic displacement by the alkoxide to occur. 

Developments in the USA have led to the availability of terephthalate plasticisers, for example dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP). Whilst these materials are very similar to the corresponding o-phthalate esters they are generally less volatile and are best compared with d-phthalates with one or more carbon atom in the alkyl chain. As with the linear dialkyl phthalates the terephthalates show good fogging resistance. This is a phenomenon in which new cars on storage fields awaiting delivery develop misting on the windows due, apparently, to the volatility of additives in PVC compounds used with the car. 

The extractant is a commercial mixture of mono- and dioctyl phenyl phosphoric acid (OPPA). It is used in conjuction with tributyl phosphate (TBP). Stripping is by ammonium carbonate solution. The mixture shows synergism. Uranium is extracted in the tetravalent state. The process is much less expensive and possesses a higher extracting power than D2EHPA-TOPO combination. 

Divinyl DMDT DMF DMS DMSO DNT DOA 1-Dodecanethiol Dodecanol Dodecanol Dodecanol Peroxide Dodecene 1-Dodecene Dodecene (Non-Linear) Dodecene (Non-Linear) Dodecyl Alcohol Dodecylbenzene Butadiene, Inhibited Methoxychlor Dimethylfbrmamide Dimethyl Sulfide Dimethyl Sulfoxide 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Dioctyl Adipate Lauryl Mercaptan Linear Alcohols (12-15 Carbons) Dodecanol Lauroyl Peroxide Dodecene 1-Dodecene Propylene Tetramer Dodecene Dodecanol Dodecylbenzene... 

Plasticizer compatibility is a second limiting property. This results from the fact the chloroparaffins containing less than approximately 40% chlorine have poor compatibility when used in conjunction with primary plasticizers 11). This is shown qualitatively in Table IV for a chlorinated single component w-paraffin at a level of 20% replacement of dioctyl phthalate. It is evident that the exudation first reaches its lowest value in the range 40 to 45% chlorine. This level of chlorine appears to be a minimum regardless of the length of the carbon chain of the paraffin. 

An inert polymer matrix, such as PVC, embedding MIP particles has been used for devising a potentiometric chemosensor for MPA [150]. These particles were prepared by thermo-radical polymerization using MAA, EGDMA and AIBN as the functional monomer, cross-linker and initiator, respectively, in a chloroform-(carbon tetrachloride) solution. For immobilization of the MIP particles on the electrode surface, dioctyl phthalate or 2-nitrophenyloctylether was used as the PVC film plasticizer in order to add tensile strength to the matrix. LOD of the chemosensor fabricated that way was appreciably lower than those of the other MIP chemosensors for MPA [181] and equal to 0.05 pM MPA [150]. 

Aromatic carbonic add esters dibutyl, dioctyl, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate diocty-ladipate, dioctylsebacate, trihexyltrimellitate. 

Poly(vinyl chloride), also known as PVC, is prepared by radical polymerization to produce material composed of an average of 10,000 to 24,000 monomer units. It is atactic and therefore amorphous, but it has a relatively high Tg because of the large size of its molecules and its polar carbon-chlorine bonds. It is a rigid material and is used to make pipe, panels, and molded objects. About 68% of PVC is used in the building and construction industry. A more flexible form of PVC is produced by adding a plasticizer such as dioctyl phthalate. This is used to prepare electric wire coatings, film, and simulated leather or vinyl. ... 

The oxidation of dioctyl Fe(III)PPIX-Cl with iodosylbenzene (9) showed that the octyl sidechains had been hydroxylated and that 60% of the hydroxylation had occurred at C( 4) and C(5) in the middle of the chain. Molecular models indicate that these two carbon centers have the most favorable access to the center of the porphyrin ring, supporting the idea that the mechanism of this hydroxylation is an intramolecular oxygen rebound (25, 26) from iodine to iron and into the C-H bond (Scheme 5). 

Plastic pipes are polymeric in nature (e.g., polyvinyl chloride). Within the pipe are traces of the monomers used in the manufacture of the pipe (e.g., vinyl chloride). In addition, there are a variety of other chemicals added during the manufacture of the pipe as lubricants to facilitate their manufacture or stabilizers to prevent the breakdown of the pipe. In Europe, lead has been used as the stabilizer for pipes, whereas various organic tin compounds have been utilized in the United States. Lead is widely recognized as being toxic. Inorganic tin has a very limited toxicity, but this is not the form of tin that is used. Some of the organic tin compounds are potent nervous system toxins (e.g., trimethyl or triethyl tin), while others appear to adversely affect the immune system (dioctyl tin). The forms of tin used in polyvinyl chloride pipe, however, are primarily monomethyl and dimethyl tin, which are much less active as neurotoxins than the trimethyl tin. There will be some extraction of all these chemicals from the pipe when it is first put into service. However, the concentrations that are found in the water decrease sharply with continued use of the pipe. This is only partially due to the depletion of the chemical from the pipe because continuous water flow will form an impermeable barrier (e.g., calcium carbonate) on the interior of the pipe that minimizes leaching from its surface. 

Iodine Potassium Iodide Dodecylbenzene Tridecyibenzene Hydroquinone Propionaldehyde Methylform amide Diacetone Alcohol Isoamyl Alcohol Pentanedione (2,4-) Acetylacetone Paraldehyde Butylaldehyde Butyraldehyde Levulinic Acid Dioctyl Adipate Acetic Acid Butyl Ester Butyl Acetate Dioxane (1,4-) Dioxane Dioxane (p-) Isoamyl Acetate Thiodiacetic Acid Butyl Stearate Santoprene 201-73 Kamax T-260 Adipic Acid Ethylene Chloroformate Caprylic Acid Octanoic Acid Hexamethylenediamine Butyl Carbitol Acetate Decane Carbon Dioxide Dimethylamine Sodium Methylate Freon 114B2 Tetrachloropentane Santicizer 141 Santoprene 201-64 Ecolan Hetron 99P Calcium Hydride Triton Sulfolane Tributyl Phosphate Tributylphosphate Sodium Diacetate Methacrylonitrile... 

The reverse micelles refer to the aggregates of surfactants formed in nonpolar solvents, in which the polar head groups of the surfactants point inward while the hydrocarbon chains project outward into the nonpolar solvent (Fig. 7) [101-126], Their cmc depends on the nonpolar solvent used. The cmc of aerosol-OT (sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, AOT) in a hydrocarbon solvent is about 0.1 mM [102]. The AOT reverse micelle is fairly monodisperse with aggregation number around 20 and is spherical with a hydrodynamic radius of 1.5 nm. No salt effect is observed for NaCl concentration up to 0.4 M. Apart from liquid hydrocarbons, recently several microemulsions are reported in supercritical fluids such as ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide [111-113]. 

Polyvinyl Chloride Dioctyl Phthalate Butyl Benzyl Phthalate Epoxy Plasticizer Secondary Plasticizer Ba-Cd Liquid Stabilizer Calcium Carbonate Barium Petroleum Sulfonate Sodium Bicarbonate Azodicarbonamide Drying Agent... 

Cholesteryl(4-vinyl) phenyl carbonate PVA water styrene EDMA or DVB AIBN dioctyl phthalate n-decane Using covalently bonded templates aqueous suspension polymerization [95]... 

Transesterification of dimethyl carbonate by phenol, catalysed with dioctyl tin oxide and titanium tetra-isopropoxide, has been effected by passage of the mixture through 5A molecular sieve at 175-185°C under pressure (203 Bar). Unreacted starting materials were removed separately by heating at 185-195X for 2 hours to give diphenyl carbonate in 85% yield (ref. 15). 

Aromatic carbonic acid esters Dibutyl, Dioctyl, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Dioctyladipate, Dioctylsebacate, Trihexyltrimellitate. 

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is soluble in the following solvents carbon tetrachloride, petroleum ether, naphtha, xylene, dlbutyl phthalate, liquid petrolatum. 

Just like everything else, erasers have changed with the times. Most of us, when we think of polyvinyl chloride, or pvc, think of vinyl car roofs or the old-fashioned lp record album. But this synthetic polymer can also be formulated into erasers. To make the material soft and pliable, manufacturers add a plasticizer such as dioctyl phthalate to the mix to improve abrasion, they stir in some calcium carbonate, or chalk. 

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