NaCl concentration

Fig. XI-13. Adsorption isotherms for SNBS (sodium p-3-nonylbenzene sulfonate) (pH 4.1) and DPC (dodecyl pyridinium chloride) (pH 8.0) on mtile at approximately the same surface potential and NaCl concentration of O.OlAf showing the four regimes of surfactant adsorption behavior, from Ref. 175. [Reprinted with permission from Luuk K. Koopal, Ellen M. Lee, and Marcel R. Bohmer, J. Colloid Interface Science, 170, 85-97 (1995). Copyright Academic Press.]...

Mercury cells are operated to maintain a 21—22 wt % NaCl concentration in the depleted brine and thus preserve good electrical conductivity. The depleted brine is dechlorinated and then resaturated with soHd salt prior to recycling back to the electroly2er. 

Chlorine—hydrogen ha2ards associated with mercury cells result from mercury pump failures heavy-metal impurities, particularly those with very low hydrogen overvoltage, ie. Mo, Cr, W, Ni excessively low pH of feed brine low NaCl concentrations in feed brine and poor decomposer operation, which leads to high sodium amalgam concentrations in the cell. 

Note that during the cooling step the maximum amount of evaporation which is permitted by the material balance is 50 lb for the step shown. In an evaporative-cooling step, however, the actual evaporation which results from adiabatic cooling is more than this. Therefore, water must be added back to prevent the NaCl concentration from rising too high otherwise, coprecipitation of NaCl will occur. 

Urokinase (from human urine) [9039-53-6] Mr 53,000, [EC 3.4.21.31]. Crystn of this enzyme is induced at pH 5.0 to 5.3 (4") by careful addition of NaCl with gentle stirring until the soln becomes turbid (silky sheen). The NaCl concentration is increased gradually (over several days) until 98% of saturation is achieved whereby the urokinase crystallises as colourless thin brittle plates. It can be similarly recrystd to maximum specific activity [104K CTA units/mg of protein (Sherry et al. J Lab Clin Med 64 145 1964)]. [Lesuk et al. Science 147 880 1965 NMR Bogusky et al. Biochemistry 28 6728 1989.] It is a plasminogen activator [Gold et al. Biochem J 262 1989 ]. 

Fig. 5-10 Effect of NaCl concentration on disbonding depth on coated pipes,...

For the conditions in the above question, calculate the NaCl concentration in the wash water after 50 min. of washing. 

Seawater muds or brackish water muds are saltwater muds. Saltwater muds are defined as those muds having salt (NaCl) concentrations above 10,000 ppm, or over 1%, salt the salt concentration can vary from 10,000 to 315,000 ppm (saturation). 

Fig. 5.8 Influence of pH, temperature, NaCl concentration, and the concentration of coelenterazine on the light intensity of luminescence reaction catalyzed by the luciferases of Heterocarpus sibogae, Heterocarpus ensifer, Oplophorus gracilirostris, and Ptilosarcus gruneyi. Buffer solutions used 20 mM MOPS, pH 7.0, for Ptilosarcus luciferase and 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, for all other luciferases, all with 0.2 M NaCl, 0.05% BSA, and 0.3 p,M coelenterazine, at 23°C, with appropriate modifications in each panel. Various pH values are set by acetate, MES, HEPES, TAPS, CHES, and CAPS buffers.

Purification of photoprotein. The dialyzed photoprotein solution was centrifuged to remove precipitates, and then subjected to fractional precipitation by ammonium sulfate, taking a fraction precipitated between 30% and 50% saturation. The protein precipitate was dissolved in 50 ml of 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.0, containing 0.1 mM oxine ( pH 6.0 buffer ), dialyzed against the same buffer, and the dialyzed solution was adsorbed on a column of DEAE-cellulose (2.5 x 13 cm) prepared with the pH 6.0 buffer. The elution was done by a stepwise increase of NaCl concentration. The photoprotein was eluted at 0.2-0.25 M NaCl and a cloudy substance (cofactor 1) was eluted at about 0.5 M NaCl. The photoprotein fraction was further purified on a column of Sephadex G-200 or Ultrogel AcA 34 (1.6 x 80 cm) using the pH 6.0 buffer that contained 0.5 M NaCl. 

Anion-exchange chromatography on a column of TSK DEAE-650 M (EM Science) in 30% methanol. Elution with a linear gradient of NaCl concentration from 0 to 1M. 

Step 3. The photoprotein fractions are combined and the NaCl concentration of the solution is reduced to 50 mM by gel filtration through a column of Sephadex G-25. Then, the solution is poured onto a column of DEAE cellulose. The photoprotein adsorbed on the column is eluted by a linear increase of NaCl concentration from 50 mM to 0.4 M in the same pH 6.7 buffer. Active fractions are combined and concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. 

Morishima et al. [75, 76] have shown a remarkable effect of the polyelectrolyte surface potential on photoinduced ET in the laser photolysis of APh-x (8) and QPh-x (12) with viologens as electron acceptors. Decay profiles for the SPV (14) radical anion (SPV- ) generated by the photoinduced ET following a 347.1-nm laser excitation were monitored at 602 nm (Fig. 13) [75], For APh-9, the SPV- transient absorption persisted for several hundred microseconds after the laser pulse. The second-order rate constant (kb) for the back ET from SPV- to the oxidized Phen residue (Phen+) was estimated to be 8.7 x 107 M 1 s-1 for the APh-9-SPV system. For the monomer model system (AM(15)-SPV), on the other hand, kb was 2.8 x 109 M-1 s-1. This marked retardation of the back ET in the APh-9-SPV system is attributed to the electrostatic repulsion of SPV- by the electric field on the molecular surface of APh-9. The addition of NaCl decreases the electrostatic interaction. In fact, it increased the back ET rate. For example, at NaCl concentrations of 0.025 and 0.2 M, the value of kb increased to 2.5 x 108 and... 

Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins from their arachidonic acid precursor. Two COX isoforms have been identified, COX-1 and COX-2. While COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues, COX-2 is typically only found after induction by proinflammatory stimuli. However, a constitutively expressed and highly regulated COX-2 is found in the kidney, both in the renal medulla and in the renal cortex. Renal cortical COX-2 is located in the area ofthe juxtaglomerular apparatus, and prostaglandins formed by COX-2 regulate the expression and secretion of renin in response to a reduction in NaCl concentration at the macula densa. 

Figure 27 shows the experimental results forchanging Ni2+ ionic concentrations at constant NaCl concentration under the same situation as Fig. 26. 

Figure 26. Dependence of the critical potential on NaCl concentration when the Ni2+ ion is the minority ion and NaCl is the majority salt 79 [NiCl2J = 1 mol nf3. T = 300 K. (From R. Aogaki, E. Yamamoto, andM. Asanuma, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142,2964, 1995, Fig. 3. Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

Figure 42. The slope of the fluctuation-diffusion current 1/0) against NaCl concentration.89 91 T = 300 K. (Reprinted from M. Asanuma and R. Aogaki, Nonequilibrium fluctuation theory on pitting dissolution. II. Determination of surface coverage of nickel passive film, J. Chem. Phys. 106,9938,1997, Fig. 11. Copyright 1997, American Institute of Physics.)...

Figure 44 shows the coverage 0 against an NaCl concentration that converges to a value less than 1.0 as the concentration of CPion decreases even in the absence of CT ions, passive film has already been broken at least about 15%. This is the reason why the slope 1/6) in Fig. 42 seems to be constant at the region of low NaCl concentration. The pH of the test solution remains constant, that is, 5.7 0.1, so this phenomenon may be attributed to a change in the role of the passivity-destroying ions from CP ions to H+ ions.95,96... 

The growth current is characterized by the coefficient lG. Figure 46 is a log-log plot of lG vs. NaCl concentration, which yields a linear relation with the slope of 2.02 lG is proportional to the second order of NaCl concentration. However, in Eq. (112), lG is apparently in proportion to the first order of NaCl concentration. This apparent discrepancy can be solved by assuming that the coefficient B is a function of the coverage 0, which depends on NaCl concentration as shown in Fig. 44. So, including the... 

Assuming that the function form of lG with regard to the applied overpotential V is determined by the exponential part, under the condition of constant NaCl concentration, lG is also expressed as a function of the applied overpotential V as follows,... 

This can be compared with the data shown in Eqs. (124a) and (124b). Substituting 0 = 0 into Eq. (97) and assuming a high NaCl concentration, 2B = 22.0 V 1/2 is obtained, which agrees well with the above experimental data. 

The changes in osmotic coefficients with temperature and concentration make it difficult to solve the above equations accurately, but accurate determinations of the composition and relative amounts of the concentrated liquid and ice can be made from phase diagrams which are plots of the freezing points of solutions versus their concentration. From these, it is possible to determine the exact NaCl concentration at any temperature. Examples are shown in Figure 9 for solutions of 0 to 2.0 M glycerol in 0.15 M NaCl. This figure nicely illustrates how the presence of glycerol reduces the concentration of NaCl in the residual unfrozen solution. 

If we combine these data on survival vs. temperature with the data on NaCl concentration vs. temperature in Figure 9, we obtain the results shown in Figure 11A for two of the lower concentrations of glycerol. The NaCl concentration in the... 

So, the sorption of PO on polysaccharides was not a classic ion-exchange interaction because the proteins were different in both isoelectric points and the molecular weights exhibited affinity for them. This conclusion was confirmed by the fact that the desorption of PO was facilitated by increasing NaCl concentrations as well as that isoPOs with a different pf can... 

In the case of precipitation by monovalent salts (NaCl), the phase separation was taken at the initial break points in the resulting optical density versus NaCl concentration curves obtained at 600 nm. This method has been also used to detect the phase separation with CuCl2 at very low polymer concentrations. 

On addition of polyethylene oxide of M.W. 300,000 at a concentration of 0.025 g liter , it is seen that a single calibration curve is obtained, independent of NaCl concentration. (It should be noted, however, that at very low NaCl concentration, less than about 0.005 M, the curve still appears at lower elution voliames). This curve is not linear but does exhibit fairly good resolution. It is likely that the effect of polyethylene oxide... 

In addition to the spreading dynamics, the stacking structure of the self-spreading lipid bilayer is also controllable via the NaCl concentration [54, 55]. Further experimental and theoretical investigations regarding the control of self-spreading are required before we will be able to easily control the self-spreading behavior in microfluidic devices. 

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