Carbon tetrachloride as solvent

Much of the early work was inconclusive confusion sprang from the production by the reaction of water, which generally reduced the rate, and in some cases by production of nitrous acid which led to autocatalysis in the reactions of activated compounds. The most extensive kinetic studies have used nitromethane,acetic acid, sulpholan,i and carbon tetrachloride as solvents. 

Chlorobenzene or syw-tetrachlorethane may be used instead of carbon tetrachloride as solvent, in which case the reaction is complete as soon as the mixture has reached reflux. The product is liable to be contaminated by a small amount of 9,10-dichloro-anthracene. 

Hydrochloric acid is formed in the oxidation of alcohols by ozone in carbon tetrachloride as solvent [126] ... 

Reactant 7.123 can be prepared by reacting acrylonitrile with s-trioxane (Scheme 7.74) using an acid catalyst in carbon tetrachloride as solvent [147]. Two commercially available bifunctional reactants, N,N -bis(acryloyl)methylenediamine (7.133) and its water-soluble bis-quaternary precursor (7.134), have been evaluated to achieve dyeings of similar quality at lower cost. The precursor is readily converted to the active reactant at about pH 8 during... 

Chlorosulphonated polyethylene is obtained by reacting low density polythylene with chlorine in presence of sulphur dioxide using carbon tetrachloride as solvent. The product contains 30 per cent chlorine and 1.5 per cent sulphur. This is a sticky rubbery material and is soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. It can be vulcanised by heating with metal oxides like litharge or magnesium oxide in presence of water. The cross-linked product is found to be resistant to chemical attack and is used in gaskets, hoses, etc. 

More recently Penczek and his collaborators (134) have used l,3-dioxolan-2-ylium salts to initiate the polymerisation of THF in a variety of solvents. In these systems initiation is clean and efficient, and in the case of carbon tetrachloride as solvent, the only significant ionic species present are ion pairs. Rate constants /c for propagation in this solvent were obtained directly from conversion/time data and are a measure of the reactivity of ion pairs. At 25° C (tTHF]0 = 8.0 M) the value of /c (4.0 x 10 2 M-1 sec-1) was independent of the counter-ion employed, in the series AsFg, PFg, and SbFg. 

In Fig. 19 the spectra of the methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymers are shown, together with those of the homopolymers. The spectra of the homopolymers and of the copolymers from the 10 90 and 25 75 methyl methacrylate-styrene feed ratios are shown as recorded. For the other copolymers, the left-hand portion of the spectrum with the aromatic peaks is shown as recorded in carbon tetrachloride as solvent the remainder of the spectrum is shown as recorded in chloroform as solvent. 

Trichlorophosphoraneimines, CbP NR, are the most accessible compounds of this class. They can be prepared by reacting phosphorus pentachloride with primary amines or their hydrochlorides, usually in carbon tetrachloride as solvent. The intermediate aminotetrachlorophosphorane CLtP-NHR is seldom isolated. With aromatic amines the products are monomeric only when the aromatic amine is weakly basic, otherwise the phosphoraneimine will dimerize to cyclic dimers [Cl3PNR]2 (see Section 5.4). ... 

For the reaction of (122) with TCNE to form (123) the rate increase in going from carbon tetrachloride as solvent to acetonitrile is about 49(X), while for the reaction of (124) with (125) to produce (126) there is only about a factor of six increase in rate for reaction in acetonitrile relative to reaction in toluene there is no spectacular solvent effect. Does the latter reaction have a fundamentally different mechanism than is operative in [2 + 2] cycloadditions of enol ethers with TCNE Are the tetramethylene intermediates of quite different dipolar character ... 

The berkelium (IV) extraction coefficients have been determined by stripping solvents previously loaded with tetravalent cerium and berkelium in the presence of sodium bismuthate. Sodium bismuthate has been found to be an efficient oxidizing agent for trivalent cerium. Because of its small solubility it does not affect the distribution coefficients of tetravalent cerium. These two properties have been demonstrated by comparing the distribution coefficients of cerium (IV) measured by spectrophotometry with those of cerium oxidized by sodium bismuthate and measured by beta counting of the cerium isotope tracer. The data are summarized in Table I and indicate no real difference in the distribution coefficients of cerium obtained by these two methods when using trilaurylmethylammonium salts-carbon tetrachloride as solvent. 

When K is large, this reduces to the observed overall first order equation found with carbon tetrachloride as solvent, i.e. 

Most aliphatic amines display some solubility in water, reflecting their ability to form hydrogen bonds. Solubility decreases relatively proportionally with the increase in the number of carbon atoms in the molecule - especially when the carbon atom number is greater than six. Aliphatic amines also display significant solubility in organic solvents, especially in polar organic solvents. Primary amines react readily with ketone compounds (such as acetone), however, and most amines are incompatible with chloroform and also with carbon tetrachloride as solvent solutions. 

It was noted above that laser flash photolysis of carotene in chloroform as solvent, led to carotenoid cation radical production and a corresponding transient absorption in the infrared. However, Mortensen and Skibsted (1996b) have also shown that, in carbon tetrachloride as solvent, whilst the parent carotenoid was bleached, no infrared absorbing species arose. Possibly the neutral carotene radical (CAR ) was produced via hydrogen atom transfer ... 

Oxidation. Primary alcohols are converted to carboxylic acids using EtOAc to replace carbon tetrachloride as solvent. Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-diones are obtained from the Diels-Alder adducts of a 5,5-dimethoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahalocyclopentadiene. ... 

Here Ki and refer to K values for a particular compound eluted from a given adsorbent of activity a by solvents 1 and 2, respectively, and Ca are the e values of solvents 1 and 2. In a first example we have the elution (,f aniline by carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and methylene chloride from 3.7% H.a0-Ala03. Given that log for carbon tetrachloride as solvent is equal to 1.46, what are the values of log for elution by each of the remaining two solvents Let solvent 1 be carbon tetrachloride and solvent 2 refer to one of the other two solvents. From Table 6-1 we have a = 0.65. From Table 8-1 values of for carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and methylene chloride (on alumina) are 0.18, 0.32, and 0.42, respectively. T, for aniline can be calculated as in a preceding sample = 7.5. 

H, Me, c-Hex, Bu and CH2OH at -12 °C in carbon tetrachloride as solvent yields of 42-82% of 1,2-dibromo addition products were reported. 

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