Development of Methods

PARADISE (L.), Development of methods and a device of signal processing adapted to NDT by ultrasonic waves. Thesis of Doctor Engineer, INP Grenoble, 1983. 

The study of slow protein dynamics is a fascinating field with still many unknowns. We have presented a number of computational techniques that are currently being used to tackle those questions. Most promising for our case seems the development of methods that combine an implicit solvent description with techniques to induce conformational transitions. 

The development of methods for aromatic substitution based on catalysis by transition metals, especially palladium, has led to several new methods for indole synthesis. One is based on an intramolecular Heck reaction in which an... 

The concern by consumers about cholesterol has stimulated the development of methods for its removal. Three principal approaches are in the pilot-plant stages use of enzymes, supercritical fluid extraction, and steam distillation. Using known techniques, it is not possible to remove all cholesterol from milk. Therefore, FDA guidelines identify cholesterol-free foods as containing less than 2 mg cholesterol per serving, and low cholesterol foods as containing from 2 to 20 mg (37). 

The development of methods of analysis of tria2ines and thek hydroxy metabohtes in humic soil samples with combined chromatographic and ms techniques has been described (78). A two-way approach was used for separating interfering humic substances and for performing stmctural elucidation of the herbicide traces. Humic samples were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction and analy2ed by both hplc/particle beam ms and a new ms/ms method. The new ms /ms unit was of the tandem sector field-time-of-flight/ms type. 

In common with the naturally occurring carbapenem thienamycin (2), the introduction of the /n j -6-[l-(R)-hydroxyethyi] group had a profound effect on the biological properties of the penems. This, together with an indication from an early study (93) that, as with other P-lactams, the 5(R)-enantiomer was solely responsible for antibacterial activity, provided impetus for the development of methods for the synthesis of chiral penems. 

Last time development of methods of iodine determination, which include preliminary sorption preconcentration of microcomponents and their subsequent determination in phase of concentrate get great practical significance. Silica gel (SG) with adsorptively modified quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) gets properties of anion-exchange resin. The sorbents modified in this way can be used successfully for determination of different anions. 

The development of methods using sorbents modified with analytical reagents that enable analytical signal measuring directly on the surface by solid-phase spectrometry, visually or by electrothermic atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) after elution is now a subject of growing interest. 

Determination of Na " and Na" ions in raw cosmetic materials was conducted with the developed method of flame photometry. A necessity of development of method of samples preparation arose up in the work process, as this spicily-aromatic raw material contained pectin in amount 0.1-0.5% and that prevented preparation of samples by standard method of extracts dilution and required incineration of analyzed sample, time of analysis was increased in 60 times. It was established that CaCl, solution with the concentration 0,4 % caused destmctions of the carbopol gel. It was established that the addition of 0,1% CaCl, and 0,1% NaCl salts solutions into the system intensified the effect of negative action of these salts onto the gel stmcture and the gel destmcted completely. 

Along with, and closely connected to, the developments in precise impact techniques is the development of methods to carry out time-resolved materials response measurements of stress or particle velocity wave profiles. With time resolutions approaching 1 ns, these devices have enabled study of mechanical responses not possible in the early period of the 1960s. The improved time-resolutions have resulted from direct measurement of stress or particle velocity, rather than from improved accuracy and resolution in measurement of position and time. In a continuation of this trend, capabilities are being developed to provide direct measurements of the rate-of-change of stress. With the ability to measure such a derivative function, detailed study of new phenomena and improved resolution and accuracy in descriptions of known rate-dependent phenomena seem possible. 

Much recent work on these types of reactions involves the development of methods for the addition reactions to be carried out under milder conditions... 

Menifield s concept of a solid-phase method for peptide synthesis and his development of methods for canying it out set the stage for an entirely new way to do chemical reactions. Solid-phase synthesis has been extended to include numerous other classes of compounds and has helped spawn a whole new field called combinatorial chemistry. Combinatorial synthesis allows a chemist, using solid-phase techniques, to prepare hundreds of related compounds (called libraries) at a time. It is one of the most active areas of organic synthesis, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. 

The synthesis of some simple alkaloids under so-called physiological conditions has been made possible by the development of methods of... 

W. D. Phillips (NIST, Gaithersburg) development of methods to cool and trap neutral atoms with laser light. 

Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921-2006) was born in Fori Worth, Texas, anti received his Ph.D. at the University oi California, Los Angeles, in 1949. He then joined the faculty at the Rockefeller Institute, where he remained until his death. In 1984, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his development of methods for the automated synthesis of peptides. 

The development of methods for the kinetic measurement of heterogeneous catalytic reactions has enabled workers to obtain rate data of a great number of reactions [for a review, see (1, )]. The use of a statistical treatment of kinetic data and of computers [cf. (3-7) ] renders it possible to estimate objectively the suitability of kinetic models as well as to determine relatively accurate values of the constants of rate equations. Nevertheless, even these improvements allow the interpretation of kinetic results from the point of view of reaction mechanisms only within certain limits ... 

The development of methods and instrumentation, especially in the high field range, will already open up quite new areas of uses already in the near future. These may at least partly replace and complete solid-state vibration spectroscopy in the polymer field in cases where the amount of material is not the limiting factor. As far as we are able to predict the future, the development of exact quantitative methods of analysis, in particular, will rapidly develop to a high degree of accuracy. 

So this research reveals new mechanisms of bacterial autoregulation under extreme conditions, controlled by low weight molecules - alkyiresorcinols. It applied aspects are defined by developing of methods for DNA protection in vitro and elongators of bacterial cells viability at UV exposure. 

Agarwal et al. 1978), the quantification of these specific enzymes may indicate that exposure to endosulfan has occurred. Blood tests, such as decay curves for aminopyrine in plasma, which are semiquantitative indices of liver enzyme induction, have been used successfully in the past to demonstrate enzyme induction in pesticide-exposed workers. Because numerous chemicals found at hazardous waste sites also induce these hepatic enzymes, these measurements are not specific for endosulfan exposure. However, measurements of enzyme activity, together with the detection of the parent compound or its metabolites in tissue or excreta, can be useful indicators of exposure. All of these potential biomarkers require further verification in epidemiological studies. Further studies with focus on the development of methods to separate and measure the estrogenicity of endosulfan in in vitro assays would be valuable since these assays are more sensitive and discriminative than other conventional biomarkers. Preliminary results have been presented by Sonnenschein et al. (1995). 

The major Impetus to the development of methods for the prenatal detection of genetic disorders derives. In historical terms, from the roughly simultaneous development of three major techniques (11-14). One was the technique, and the willingness to use It, for obtaining samples of amnlotlc fluid early In gestation. The second was the development of techniques for the culture of human cells in vitro, and the third was the development of better techniques for cytogenetic analysis. As will be described below, with the availability of these three techniques It became possible first to work out methods for the examination of fetal chromosomes, and then, by extension, to devise ways of determining other characteristics of the fetus. 

Pioneering academic institutions have contributed very much to the development of methods and programs on design and scheduling. It. seems to be worthwhile to mention the... 

Development of Methods for Effects-Driven Cumulative Effects Assessment UsingEish Populations ... 

On the other hand, single-residue methods developed by the applicants give basic information about appropriate cleanup steps and specific determination procedures. In addition, not many laboratories other than those from the applicants are able to test the real solvent extraction efficiency. The reason is that extraction studies need radio-labeled incurred residues instead of fortified samples. Hence enforcement methods provided by the manufacturers accelerate the development of methods which meet the needs of (official) food control laboratories. 

---