The Early Period

Nielsen 1924, Seubert 1925) were confirmed in seedlings of dicots (Beyer 

Very soon the classic papers by Dolk (1930, 1936) appeared on auxin transport in gravitropically stimulated coleoptiles and by van der Weij (1932, 1934) on the characteristics of auxin transport in short sections of etiolated Avena coleoptiles. 

Van der Weij introduced the intercept method (see Sect. 3.3.2) and calculated the velocity (Transportgeschwindigkeit) of the auxin stream and its intensity (Transportintensitat), i.e., the amount of auxin passing the cross-section of 

3 Transport and Other Modes of Movement of Hormones (Mainly Auxins) 

---

Alcohol Substitution. In the early period of normal thiol production, the normal alcohols were utilized as feedstocks. The use of a strong acid catalyst results in the formation of a significant amount of secondary thiol, along with other isomers resulting from skeletal isomerization of the starting material. This process has largely been replaced by uv-initiation because of the higher relative cost of alcohol vs alkene feedstock. 

Holzworth (17) reported on the frequency of visibility of less than 7 miles for 28 cities. Two periods of record were compared for each city. There were increases in low visibility in only 26% of the comparisons from the early period (around 1930-1940) to a later period (around the mid-1950s). 

Along with, and closely connected to, the developments in precise impact techniques is the development of methods to carry out time-resolved materials response measurements of stress or particle velocity wave profiles. With time resolutions approaching 1 ns, these devices have enabled study of mechanical responses not possible in the early period of the 1960s. The improved time-resolutions have resulted from direct measurement of stress or particle velocity, rather than from improved accuracy and resolution in measurement of position and time. In a continuation of this trend, capabilities are being developed to provide direct measurements of the rate-of-change of stress. With the ability to measure such a derivative function, detailed study of new phenomena and improved resolution and accuracy in descriptions of known rate-dependent phenomena seem possible. 

Table 3.3 summarizes the history of the development of wave-profile measurement devices as they have developed since the early period. The devices are categorized in terms of the kinetic or kinematic parameter actually measured. From the table it should be noted that the earliest devices provided measurements of displacement versus time in either a discrete or continuous mode. The data from such measurements require differentiation to relate them to shock-conservation relations, and, unless constant pressures or particle velocities are involved, considerable accuracy can be lost in data processing. 

The predicted transient supersaturation levels (and corresponding nucleation rates) are also shown in Figure 7.3. These considerations predict that the high levels in the early period of natural cooling can be avoided by controlled cooling. 

A consequence of cathodic protection in seawater is the formation of a protective calcareous scale . The increased local pH at the steel surface caused by hydroxyl production (a product of the cathodic reaction) favours the deposition of a mixed scale of CaCO, and Mg(OH)2. This scale is beneficial since it is protective and non-conducting, thus reducing the cathodic current density. Ensuring a high current density in the early period of operation will encourage calcareous scale deposition and thus reduce the current requirements in the long term (see Section 10.1 Principles of Cathodic Protection ). 

The primary mixt widely used by the US Army for small arms ammo in the early period of 1900 was based on Mercury Fulminate (MF) and is believed to be of Austrian origin (Ref 2), The most widely used formula is reported to have been as follows ... 

The Early Period. Luminescent phenomena such as the aurora borealis, phosphorescence of the sea, luminous animals and insects, and phosphorescent wood were the earliest of spectral observations because th require nothing more than the... 

In the early period of the pandemic, before the development of sensitive and reliable instruments to diagnose early infection, only patients with advanced AIDS presented to health care facilities. As a result, the estimates and projects of the costs for HIV/AIDS patients based on observed health care utilization were high. For example, Scitovsky and Rice estimated the annual costs of AIDS care in the United States in 1985, 1986, and 1991 to be US 630 million, US 1.1 billion, and US 8.5 billion, respectively these costs represented the direct and indirect costs of HIV infections (Scitovsky and Rice 1987 Scitovsky 1988, 1989). More than 80% of these costs stemmed from losses in productivity, a reflection of the fact that AIDS has afflicted primarily working-age adults. The great increase in total costs by 1991 is caused by a projected increase in the prevalence. 

The early period of the Earth s history, around 3.8 1 billion years ago, is completely shrouded in darkness possible witnesses from this archaic period might help to cast some light. So we are looking for possible remains of the first primitive life forms on our planet—fossils, or to be exact, microfossils, which refers to the remains of living cells. What have survived are mainly only cell walls, which can be isolated from sedimentary rocks when the silicate-, sulphide- or carbonate-rich minerals are chemically dissolved away. The microfossils are found in the remaining carbon-containing residue, transparently thin platelets of which are prepared for microscopic studies. 

The soak time seems to have a less pronounced effect on porosity development during treatment at 800°C. A considerable porosity (VT = 1.04 cm3/g and Sbet = 2570 m2/g) is created within the early period of reaction and a limited change of the parameters occurs with prolonged heating to 3 h (Fig. 3a). Again, the widening of pores, as evidenced by an increase of both the mesopore ratio and the micropore width, is the most noticeable result of extended reaction time (Fig. 3b). 

Phycomyces has aroused the interest of biologists for over a century. Yet, in the present mode of approach and definition of its aims, the research with this fungus, as it is being conducted nowadays, is clearly a child of the early period of molecular biology. 

The early period of the Earth s history, known geologically as the Hadean, is associated with huge bombardment of the surface of the planet by meteors and comets. The sequence of events in the Earth s formation is shown in Figure 7.3, starting with the Hadean. Any volatile materials on the surface of dust grains or planetesimals deposited on the Earth will be removed and become part of the atmosphere, or more generally the volatile component inventory of the planet. 

During the early period of oxidation, this equilibrium is shifted to the right due to the very low concentration of carbonyl compound. The concentration of carbonyl compound is increasing during oxidation and in parallel the concentration of hydroxyperoxide increases. The thermodynamic parameters of this equilibrium are the following for formaldehyde and acetone in the gas phase [46]. 

Aqueous alkaline extraction of wood was employed by Poumarede and Figuier48 in 1846 for the removal of a substance called wood gum. Similar very crude xylan or hemicellulose preparations were made by other workers of the early period. Extractions were made not only from wood sawdust, but from annual plant materials such as wheat straw, corn cob, etc.49-66... 

As noted earlier, no viable theories of the smelt-water explosion had been widely accepted during the early period of investigation. Nelson in... 

In August, 1960, Onodera was appointed Professor of the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University. He further developed carbohydrate chemistry after he became Professor. In the early period, Drs. S. Kitaoka, H. Ochiai, S. Hirano, and... 

This reagent, together with potassium hydrogen sulphite,has been used to reduce aryltellurium trichlorides since the early period of tellurium chemistry, and continues to find wide application. 

Aryltellurinic acids were described in the early period of tellurium chemistry as the products of the alkaline hydrolysis of the trichlorides. However, the structure of these compounds was later argued about, and the corresponding anhydrides are today accepted as the unequivocal products.The anhydrides are stable, colourless, solids with high melting points and have recently attained a relevant role as synthetic reagents. 

The respiratory quotient (RQ), which is the ratio of volume of O2 absorbed per hour to volume of CO2 released per hour, should ideally be 1 when the O2 supply is not limiting. It has been reported that the CO2 to O2 ratio value is approximately 0.8 during the early period of storage and 1.3 when sprout growth started (Burton, 1989 Gottschalk and Ezhekiel, 2006 Isherwood and Burton, 1975). 

---