Atomic absorption spectroscopy, electrothermal

The development of methods using sorbents modified with analytical reagents that enable analytical signal measuring directly on the surface by solid-phase spectrometry, visually or by electrothermic atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) after elution is now a subject of growing interest. 

J. C. Rodriguez-Garcia, J. Barciela-Garcia, C. Herrero-Latorre, S. Garcia-Martin and R. M. Pena-Crecente, Direct and combined methods for the determination of chromium, copper and nickel in honey by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(17), 2005, 6616-6623. 

W. A. Maher, Determination of selenium in marine organisms using hydride generation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, Anal. Lett, A16 (1983), 801-809. 

Thirty-two sherds representing five different examples of Kayenta Anasazi Pueblo II pottery (Tusayan Corrugated [TC], Medicine Black-on-Red [MB], Tusayan Black-on-Red [TB], Dogoszhi Black-on-White [DB], and Sosi Black-on-White [SB]) have been analyzed for the elements As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cm, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn by using the techniques of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (.FAA) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAA). Analytical procedures for the chemical analysis of ceramics afford accuracy and sensitivity and require only a modest capital investment for instrumentation. The sherd samples were collected at two sites, one in southern Utah (Navajo Mountain [NM]) and the second in northern Arizona (Klethla Valley [KV]). These sites are approximately 60 km apart. Statistical treatment of the data shows that only three clay types were used in the 32 sherds analyzed, and that only three elements (Fe, Pb, and Ni) are necessary to account for 100% of the dispersion observed within this sample set. 

Bavazzano P, Perico A, Rosendahl K, Apostoli P. Determination of urinary arsenic by solvent extraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. I Anal At Spectrom 1996 11 521-4. 

Two factors have aided in the discovery of the roles of many trace elements. One is the availability of two highly sensitive analytical techniques, activation analysis and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, that allow detection of these elements in concentrations of only a few parts per bUhon. The other is the use of special isolation chambers that allow study of animals under carefully controlled conditions, free of unwanted contaminants. The diets fed to animals and their air supply must be carefully purified to keep out even traces of unwanted elements, and their cages must be made of plastics that contain no metals. 

The usefulness of the pre-electrolysis was stressed by Hori et al. They showed that the concentration of Fe " in KHCO3 solutions is remarkably decreased by die pre-electrolysis, as evidenced by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (ETAAS). Some papers report that deactivation still takes place even with solution treated with pre-electrolysis. Nevertheless, any analytical data has not been presented with regard to the electrolyte solutions. If any preelectrolysis is conducted in a cell, and the solution is transferred to another electrolysis cell, the solution is possibly contaminated during the transfer process. 

Drasch et al. (1987) examined urine samples for unmetabolized sulfur mustard. Following organic extraction, thin-layer chromatography, and derivativation with gold, the extracts were analyzed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Table 5.3 Conditions employed for the analysis of organotin extracts using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy [15]...

Johnson AM, Gallicchio VS and Biech NJ (1999) Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy in the determination of endogenous tissue lith-... 

Zheng W, Sipes IG and Carter DE (1993) Determination of parts-per-billion concentrations of indium in biological materials by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy following ion pair extraction. Anal Chem 65 2174-2176. 

Extraction systems with following electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET-AAS) may be useful in some cases. For example, Zendelovska and Stafilov (2001) used isoamyl acetate extraction with following ET-AAS for thallium analysis in sulfide minerals. Eleischer (1997) reported a detection limit of 0.8 JgL when using ET-AAS with matrix modification (uirmineralized urine, diluted 1 2). 

Freeh. W.. Cedergren, A., Cederberg, C. and Vessman, J. (1982). Evaluation of some critical factors affecting determination of aluminum in blood, plasma or serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin. Chem., 28, 2259. 

Oua/itative and Semiquantitative Applications Because ICPMS is easily adapted to multielement analyses, it is well suited to the rapid characterization and semiquantitative analysis of various types of naturally occurring and manufactured complex materials. Generally, detection limits arc better than those for optical emission ICP and compete with detection limits for electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Figure 11-17 compares detection limits for iCPMS with those for ICP optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and those for electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETA AS) for selected elements. These data arc typical for most other elements in the periodic table. Generally, detection limits with mass spectromeiric detection range from 0.02 to 0.7 ppb wilh the majority of elements in the range of 0.02 to 0.1 ppb. 

The most common analytical procedures for measuring cadmium concentrations in biological samples use the methods of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). Methods of AAS commonly used for cadmium measurement are flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and graphite furnace (or electrothermal) atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS or ETAAS). A method for the direct determination of cadmium in solid biological matrices by slurry sampling ETAAS has been described (Taylor et al., 2000). 

The detection of ions released from metallic implants is dependent on the technique used. Very minute amounts of ions can be detected by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET-AAS), which goes down to concentrations of the order of ng/g. Electrochemical methods enable the detection of extremely low corrosion current densities, below 1 xA/cm, corresponding to dissolution in the passive state. These rates of corrosion do not modify the aspect of the surface and are not normally considered as surface attack. 

There are three techniques used for the determination of chromium in tissues and body fluids (1) neutron activation analysis (NAA), (2) isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), and (3) electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). 

N. M. Najafi, Sh. Shahparvizi, H. Rafati, E. Ghasemi and R. Alizadeh, Preconcentration and determination of ultra-traces of platinum in human serum using the combined electrodeposition-electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ED-ETAAS) and chemometric method, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2010, 53(1), 58-61. 

E. Ghasemi, N. M. Najafi, Sh. Seidi, F. Raofie and A. Ghassempour, Speciation and determination of trace inorganic tellurium in environmental samples by electrodeposition-electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2009, 24(10), 1446-1451. 

---