Neutral atom traps

The neutral atom traps that I have so far considered are only applicable to paramagnetic atoms i.e. those possessing a non-zero... 

With the production of such very slow, cold atoms, neutral atom deceleration has been taken from the status of an interesting demonstration to a practical tool. For example, the width of the energy distribution of these atoms is cortparable to the well depth of a magnetic neutral atom trap. 

Phillips W D 1998 Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms Rev. Mod. Rhys. 70 721... 

Metcalf H and van der Straten P 1994 Cooling and trapping of neutral atoms Phys. Rep. 244 203-86... 

Walker T, Sesko D and Wieman C 1990 Collective behavior of optically trapped neutral atoms Phys.Rev.Lett. 64 408-11... 

Migdall A L, Prodan J V, Phillips W D, Bergman T H and Metoalf H J 1985 First observation of magnetioally trapped neutral atoms Phys.Rev.Lett. 54 2596-9... 

Pritohard D E 1983 Cooling neutral atoms in a magnetio trap for preoision speotrosoopy Phys.Rev.Lett. 51 1336-9... 

Bagnato V S, Lafyatis G P, Martin A C, Raab E L, Ahmad-Bitar R and Pritohard D E 1987 Continuous stopping and trapping of neutral atoms Phys.Rev.Lett. 58 2194-7... 

Two recent reviews recount subsequent research in the physics of neutral-atom cooling and trapping [3, 4],... 

W. D. Phillips (NIST, Gaithersburg) development of methods to cool and trap neutral atoms with laser light. 

Adams. C S. and F Riiv 1 user Gxiline And Trapping Of Neutral Atoms, Progress ttt Juanlum Llecinmus. I -79 119971. 

Ultracold neutral plasmas may be produced by laser cooling and trapping of different types of neutral atoms [105] such as calcium, strontium, rubidium, cesium etc., by photoionizing Bose condensates [106] and also by spontaneous ionization of dense Rydberg atoms [107,108]. A review on ultracold neutral plasmas due to Killan et al. [61] gives an excellent disposition on the subject. 

The effectively neutral atomic defects may trap or donate electrons, thus acquiring a charge, the sign of which will depend on the chemical nature ofthe defects and their surroundings. The following quasi-chemical reactions provide examples ofthe point-defect ionization processes ... 

In the 1990s, advances in trapping and cooling of small number of ions and neutral atoms greatly renewed the interest in collective effects in the interaction... 

Extrinsic semiconductors are materials containing foreign atoms (FAs) or atomic impurity centres that can release electrons in the CB or trap an electron from the VB with energies smaller than Eg (from neutrality conservation, trapping an electron from the VB is equivalent to the release of a positive hole in the otherwise filled band). These centres can be inadvertently present in the material or introduced deliberately by doping, and, as intrinsic, the term extrinsic refers to the electrical conductivity of such materials. The electron-releasing entities are called donors and the electron-accepting ones acceptors. When a majority of the impurities or dopants in a material is of... 

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