Development of test methods

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the development of test methods to assess the possible adverse functional effects of exposing the fetus, both early and late in gestation (112,113). 

By force of circumstances the manufacturers of mineral wools participated in the development of test methods to distinguish between hazardous and non-critical fibres as well as appropriate criteria for legal classification. A delay in the innovation process was caused by the discussion as to which criteria for the restriction of... 

It becomes clear that there can never be one direction for the development of test methods and apparatus. The perceived deficiencies in the existing methods are viewed differently according to the particular purpose under consideration and, hence, development effort is targeted... 

Evidence of the implementation of the quality management system, experience, capability, if any, modifica-tion/development of testing methods ... 

The first attempt by any nation to establish a standard method for assessing nebulizer performance was made in the U.K. in 1994. Though now outdated and technically limited (29), this published standard set a precedent and a foundation for further research and development of test methods. Much has happened to progress the understanding of nebulizer performance in recent years which has, in part, led to the development of the widely resourced European standard in assessing nebulizer performance. 

Investigation of corrosion mechanisms and fundamental effects of various conditions, development of test methods, e.g. reliable model experiments for the prediction of lifetime (see next section), and other studies in research laboratories. This includes also contributions to the development of materials and coatings with special corrosion properties. 

Development of test methods for polymer mortar and concrete—determination methods for working life and measurement methods for setting shrinkage [39-40]... 

In this chapter, issues in personal thermal protection are discussed, focusing on the needs of workers in selected sectors energy (oil and gas), electrical, other industry sectors, and both structural and wildland firefighting. The important protection concerns for workers in each sector are discussed, followed by a discussion of potential trade-offs between thermal protection and thermal comfort. Clothing issues such as fit, comfort, and other ergonomic factors are briefly discussed. Recent developments in protective textile materials are followed by a diseussion of serviceability concerns, including durability and maintenance. A review of international performance standards is followed by a summary of the development of test methods to assess protection from heat, flame, hot liquids, and steam. Issues for future development of technical textiles for personal thermal protection are then discussed briefly. 

The need for an understanding of flammability as a potential hazard emerged after the 2nd World War due to the commencement of large-scale applications of plastics. Research into the flammability characteristics of the materials, especially plastics, commenced in the middle fifties. Investigations in the first two decades were practically restricted to the development of test methods for obtaining directly applicable practical values. Purely empirical methods were typical of this period. 

Besides the development of test methods, some relationships between the type of burning material and the smoke density have also been discovered. On this basis, a number of additives are marketed for the suppression of smoke formation from plastics. 

McQueen, R.H., Laing, R.M., Wilson, C.A., Niven, B.E., Delahunty, C.M., 2007b. Odor retention on apparel fabrics development of test methods for sensory detection. Text. Res. J. 77, 645-652. 

A study of the hydration of cement and cement compounds in the presence of superplasticizers is useful for theoretical and practical considerations. Many t5 es of thermal techniques including DTA, DSC, TG, DTG, Conduction Calorimetry, and EGA have been used for such studies. They have yielded important results that could be correlated with physical and mechanical characteristics of cement systems. Investigations have included the measurementofheat of hydration, the mechanism of reactions, strength development, microstmcture, permeability, durability aspects, compatibility problems between cement and superplasticizers, the prediction of some properties, material characterization and selection, mathematical modeling of hydration, development of test methods, and cement-superplasticizer interactions. 

Chowhan, Z.T., 1994, Harmonization of Excipient Standards and test Methods A Progress Update on Development of Test Methods and Standards Part II , Pharmaceutical Technology, 18(12), pp 22-35. 

Development of test methods for process (on-line) analysis and validation of these analyses are continuing under the direction of ASTM Committee D02.0D, Section 1 and D02.25. A proposed gas chromatographic/selective detection method is under development for the trace analysis of sulfur com-pKnmds in ethene and propene. 

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