Detection of Bacteria

FIGURE 16.12 Schematic representation of the glyco-MNP-based pathogen detection. 

9 GLYCO-MNPs AS NANOPROBES FOR LABELING CELLS AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENTS 

FIGURE 16.13 Well-defined multifunctional fluorescent Gal-MNP was used to specifically target HepG2 cells. 

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Other appHcations of firefly hioluminescence include measurement of the activity of bacteria in secondary sewage treatment activated sludge (296,297), detection of bacteria in clean rooms and operating rooms, measurement of bacteria in bottled foods, beverages (298), and pharmaceuticals (299), determination of the antimicrobial activity of potential dmgs (300), determination of the viabiHty of seeds (301), and measuring marine biomass concentrations as a function of ocean depth or geographical location (302). 

The detection of bacteria by this method depends on the fact that they, like all living material, contain ATP but here arises a potential problem. 

Serological techniques can detect target bacteria rapidly in mixtures, but their accuracy depends on the specificity of the antibody used. The use of monoclonal instead of polyclonal antibodies may increase specificity.49,52,58 However, because the same epitope can be present in more than one species, a monoclonal antibody against one species may cross-react with other bacteria.50 For this reason serological methods are not always successful for detection of bacteria in environmental samples and nucleic acid-based methods are now commonly used. 

DNA,83 which produces one million or more copies of amplified DNA in a short time. For identification of bacteria, PCR can be used to amplify DNA either after extraction from a sample or after lysis of the cells.83,84 Methods using washing, filtration, or magnetic beads with specific antibodies can be used to collect bacterial cells for PCR.85,86 PCR can be modified for the detection of bacteria from various sources32 and can even amplify DNA from dead cells.87... 

Lebaron, P. Catala, P. Fajon, C. Joux, F. Baudart, J. Bernard, L. A new sensitive, whole-cell hybridization technique for detection of bacteria involving a biotinylated oligonucleotide probe targeting rRNA and tyramide signal amplification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63, 3274-3278. 

A few particularly novel approaches have been developed to increase the sensitivity (and specificity) involved in the detection of bacteria by MALDI. The use of avadin-biotin technology to recover biotinylated proteins from... 

Madonna, A. J. Basile, F. Furlong, E. Voorhees, K. J. Detection of bacteria from biological mixtures using immunomagnetic separation combined with matrix-assisted laser desorptio/ioniaztion time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 2001,15,1068-1074. 

Structure of biofilms, microbial composition of heterogeneous granular biofilms and detection of bacteria, ciliates, and fungi in and on granules -b [i64] jjr O o iz ... 

Zourob, M. Mohr, S. Treves Brown, B. J. Fielden, P. R. McDonnell, M. B. Goddard, N. J., An integrated metal clad leaky waveguide sensor for detection of bacteria, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 232 242... 

Disney M, Zheng J, Swager TM, Seeberger P (2004) Detection of bacteria with carbohydrate-functionalized fluorescent polymers. J Am Chem Soc 126 13343-13346... 

Silbert L, Ben Shlush I, Israel E, Porgador A, Kolusheva S, Jelinek R. Rapid chromatic detection of bacteria by use of a new biomimetic polymer sensor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 72 7339-7344. 

Integration of PCR and CE was achieved on a COC chip for the detection of bacteria (e.g., E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium). PCR was conducted in a 29-nL chamber, which was temporarily sealed off by gel valves during PCR. The gel valve can withstand a hydrostatic pressure of 100 psi, which is higher than the water vapor pressure of 12 psi achieved in PCR up to 95°C. After PCR and... 

DNA hybridization in microchannels has also been conducted in the low-density microarray format. For instance, DNA hybridization was carried out in 32 chambers each spotted with 16 DNA probes for the detection of bacteria (e.g., Campylobacter jejuni, E. coli) on a PMMA/PDMS-glass chip. PDMS was used as a bonding layer to seal the PMMA plate onto the glass microarray plate [963]. 

Zourob M, Hawkes JJ, Coakley WT et al (2005) Optical leaky waveguide sensor for detection of bacteria with ultrasound attractor force. Anal Chem 77 6163-6168... 

Kulagina NV, Lassman ME, Ligler FS et al (2005) Antimicrobial peptides for detection of bacteria in biosensor assays. Anal Chem 77 6504—6508... 

PepHes, J., Glockner, F. O., and Amann, R. (2003). Optimization strategies for DNA microarray-based detection of bacteria with 16S rRNA-targeting oligonucleotide probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 1397—1407. 

One of the early enthusiasts of microscopy was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. During the sixteenth century he constructed over 500 single lens microscopes. While crude by today s standards, van Leeuwenhoek s microscopes revealed an array of microbial life. For example, his descriptions of organisms found in lake water were the first observations of the green algae called Spirogyra and another microbe that came to be known as Vorticella. Finally, his observation of animacules in tooth plaque was the first visual detection of bacteria. 

Alternatively and in contrast with the previous approaches targeting toxicity or specific parameters, the transduction of microbial metabolism can also be applied for the detection of bacteria. However, this sensing principle shows poor selectivity and long response times. This type of biosensor can only be used for well-defined samples because of the possible presence of enzymes from sources other than the tackled species [96]. 

Abdel-Hamid et al. [122] used a flow-injection amperometric immunofll-tration assay system for the rapid detection of total E. coli and Salmonella. Disposable porous nylon membranes served as a support for the immobilization of anti- ]. coli or anti-Salmonella antibodies. The assay system consists of a flow-injection system, a disposable filter-membrane, and an amperometric sensor. A sandwich immunoassay specifically and directly detected 50 cells ml total E. coli or 50 cells ml Salmonella. The immunosensor can be used as a highly sensitive and automated bioanalytical device for the rapid quantitative detection of bacteria in food and water. 

PROCEDURE DETECTION OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI IN CELL CULTURES... 

Prosser, J.I., Killham, K., Glover, L.A. and Rattray, E.A.S. (1996) Luminescence-based systems for detection of bacteria in the environment. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 16, 157-183. 

M.V. Magni (ed.). Detection of Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites and Fungi,... 

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