Descriptive method

Mechanistic Approaches. Adequate and appropriate river-quality assessment must provide predictive information on the possible consequences of water and land development. This requires an understanding of the relevant cause and effect relationships and suitable data to develop predictive models for basin management. This understanding may be achieved through qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative approaches. When quantitative or semi-quantitative methods are not available the qualitative approach must be applied. Qualitative assessments involve knowledge of how basin activities may affect river quality. This requires the use of various descriptive methods. An example of this kind of assessment is laboratory evaluation of the extent to which increases in plant nutrients, temperature or flow may lead to accelerated eutrophication with consequent reduction of water quality. 

In the development of this descriptive method, the retention of almost 100 components (ranging from nentral hydrocarbons, analytes with donor acidity, and basicity to strong acids and bases) had been stndied with varions mobile phases, nnbnffered and bnffered at pH 2.8 and pH 7. By empirical mathematical treatment, the following colnmn parameter was evalnated ... 

Flavor can be evaluated by chemical and sensory evaluation methods. Descriptive methods of sensory evaluation are applied frequently to profile this important quality aspect (Jackson, 2002). To analyze flavor profile, the technique of descriptive analysis has been applied to a variety of beverages including vermouth. 

The enhancement factors are either obtained by fitting experimental results or are derived theoretically on the grounds of simplified model assumptions. They depend on reaction character (reversible or irreversible) and order, as well as on the assumptions of the particular mass transfer model chosen [19, 26]. For very simple cases, analytical solutions are obtained, for example, for a reaction of the first or pseudo-first order or for an instantaneous reaction of the first and second order. Frequently, the enhancement factors are expressed via Hatta-numbers [26, 28]. They can be used in combination with the HTU/NTU-method or with a more advanced mass transfer description method. However, it is generally not possible to derive the enhancement factors properly from binary experiments, and a theoretical description of reversible, parallel or consecutive reactions is based on rough simplifications. Thus, for many reactive absorption processes, this approach appears questionable. 

Comparison and ranking of sites according to chemical composition or toxicity is done by multivariate nonparametric or parametric statistical methods however, only descriptive methods, such as multidimensional scaling (MDS), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA), show similarities and distances between different sites. Toxicity can be evaluated by testing the environmental sample (as an undefined complex mixture) against a reference sample and analyzing by inference statistics, for example, t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA). 

There are a variety of data summarization or description methods whose purpose is to make evident the main features of a data set. (Their use, of course, may be independent of whether or not the data collection process actually employed was in any sense a good one.) To illustrate some of the simplest of these methods, consider the data listed in Table 5.1. These numbers represent aluminum impurity contents (in ppm) of 26 bihourly samples of recycled PET plastic recovered at a Rutgers University recycling pilot plant. 

Figure 4 shows results investigations by Sauer and Hara [73], where the crack initiation limit for PMMA is shown in addition to the failure line. Comparing the time period from the beginning of the experiment to crack initiation, it becomes clear that the lifetime is determined by the duration of the crack propagation phase. This is the fundamental assumption of the fracture mechanical description method. 

An ideal molecular shape description method S is expected to fulfill several criteria. An ideal method S... 

Yet, such a descriptive method made it quite hard to advance prescriptive conclusions. For example, though he had personally witnessed limewater flowing into subterraneous caverns from the bowels of the earth, he offered no explanation as to how the water had been impregnated with lime. Fie merely stated that the matter remains yet to be explained. 76... 

After the first analytic description has been made two options are open. You may want to finish the description of the taxon, before you start on the next one. It is also possible that you are curious to know what the other taxa look like. Some people advocate that you should concentrate on one subject at a time, others say that you will understand your material better if you make a survey first. As the for the actual descriptive method this does not matter much, let s suppose you will want to do the taxa.one by one. 

ISO 10303-11 Industrial automation systems and integration - Product data representation and exchange - Part 11 Description methods The EXPRESS language reference manual. International Standard (2004)... 

Micromechanical Description Methods for Measuring Thin Film Contact Angles... 

Thus planning for paperless operations today poses the challenge of empowering operators with a much better insight to the process, the required operational sequence and the related information than would ever be possible in the paper-based world. Computers can make use of information resources and description methods other than the traditional text to bypass many of the previously mentioned problems of instruction through written procedures. Modern computer systems not only streamline the information flow but also improve the understanding and quality of operations to be executed. Trend displays may provide an overview that no paper-based system comes close to, and embedded video clips may describe operations in a way that even the best written procedure could never achieve. This not only... 

In these examples, we are referring to numerous modeling aspects, such as process structures, hierarchical organizations, employee qualification, documents (data), and external or internal output as well as production and IT resources. Obviously, an enterprise model, particularly a business process model for the purpose of optimization, must be fairly complex. Moreover, it should address multiple aspects, for which numerous description methods are necessary. These various purposes determine the kind of modeling objects as well as the required granularity. 

Part-Description Methods for Generative Process-Planning Systems... 

Some business process description methods originating in the concepts and models of traditional project-management tools, such as the PERT chart and other kinds of network chart, are generally... 

The description methods used for defining the information structure, veilidation, and test methods as well as implementation methods ate standardized. The object-oriented modeling language EXPRESS as wen as its graphical form EXPRESS-G are implemented for the presentation of the information structures (Scholz-Reiter 1991). Validation and test methods define the specifications with which the STEP processors are examined. The following elements are included in partial models of the generic resources ... 

Smith and J. Leslie (Eds.), Rehabilitation Engineering, pp. 181-189. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Medhat, M. and Hobson, D. 1992. Standardization of Terminology and Descriptive Methods for Specialized Seating. RESNA Press, RESNA, 1700 Moore St., Arlington, VA 22209-1903. 

Fukuda, K. and Prodon, A. (1996) Double description method revisited, in Combinatorics and Computer Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1120, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 91-111. 

This system deviates from other systems in two main characteristics in the description method of the atomic environments, and in the data structure used for the storage of structural information. 

The general name for the structural description method utilizing the adjacency relationships of molecular skeletons was selected to be molecular connectivity. The number assigned to a skeleton atom describing its adjacency relationship is called the simple connectivity value (or simple delta value) of the atom. In the development the S values were used for the first-order subgraph (or bond) between atoms i and j. The index for the entire molecule, in this case, the molecular connectivity index of the first order, is designated by the Greek letter chi, is computed as in equation 2,... 

---