Scientific method description

Ptolemy, following Eratosthenes, served as the librarian at Alexandria. He made astronomical observations from Alexandria between the years 127 and 141, and he was firm in his belief that accurate geographical maps were derived from the teachings of astronomy and mathematics. The Almagest is a treatise devoted to a scientific, methodical description of the movement of the stars and planets. The beauty and... 

Different authors describe the scientific method of inquiry differently depending on what they wish to emphasize The following description serves the purpose of this paper. 

This general description is equally applicable to a variety of sciences or areas that could become sciences, whether we called such areas biology, physics, chemistry, psychology, understanding of mystical states, or drug-induced enhancement of cognitive processes. The particulars of research look different, but the basic scientific method is the same. 

John Davy s paper to the Royal Society vras to follow [467] giving a complete description of his researches on the new gas. This is a landmark paper, and is reproduced in its entirety, so that both the elegance of the scientific method, and of its presentation, can be fully appreciated. Attention is drawn to the simplicity and power of the final paragraph. 

From the viewpoint of scientific methodology there are three main tasks in CAPE representation of the problem, generation of several alternative solutions, and selection of the best one. These tasks correspond to the activities realized in four phases of any scientific method analysis (description of the problem and identification of the objectives), hypothesis (generation of solutions), synthesis (comparing the solutions), and validation (formulation of conclusions). The activities realized in the last two phases correspond to the selection task in CAPE. 

The first description of the scientific method is published by Sir Francis Bacon. 

So in practice, there can be no talk of a precise, unequivocal falsification of any theory. However, says Popper (1979 391), it is not in his interest to deal with the problem of science in such a practical, naturalistic perspective. Popper considered his own theory of falsifiability, and of scientific method in general, as methodological or philosophical, not as empirical and hence not as falsifiable in itself (analogous to the verificationists conundrum that the principle of verification is not itself verifiable) to consider the scientific method as empirical is to adopt a naturalistic perspective (Popper, 1974a 1010). Although it is possible to study science from a purely descriptive perspective, recording all the facts, difficulties and failures. 

Sensory evaluation is defined as a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyse and interpret those responses to products that are perceived by the senses of sight smeU, touch, taste and hearing (Stone and Sidel, 1993). It applies principles of experimental design and statistical analysis to evalnate consumer products. Its methods are divided into two snb-sections (Scharf, 2000) analytical methods (descriptive... 

It is surprising that it took civilized man so long to learn the fundamentals of mammalian biology, exemplified by events such as William Harvey s description of the route of circulation or William Prout s proof that the stomach produces hydrochloric acid. Replacement of superstition with scientific method had to wait in the Western world until the passing of the Middle Ages with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. 

Delbourgo (1980) Delbourgo, S.R. Two Far Eastern artifacts examined by scientific methods International Symposium on the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property -Conservation of Far Eastern Art Objects National Research Institute of Cultural Properties Tokyo (1980) 163-179 DeLisle (1783) DeLisle, R. Cristallographie, ou Description des Formes Propres a Tous les Corps du Regne Mineral 2 vols., Paris (1783)... 

In this section we have described the scientific method as it might ideally be applied (see Fig. 1.5). However, it is important to remember that science does not always progress smoothly and efficiently. For one thing, hypotheses and observations are not totally independent of each other, as we have assumed in the description of the ideahzed scientific... 

In contrast to the scientific method that constrains physical objects to produce the order predicted by theory, the physicists had to manipulate theoretical first principles in order to make them refer to the local production conditions at the rendering factory. This manipulation is what is typically referred to as lepiesentative mathematical modeling. In philosophy of science this knowledge practice is explained as theory articulation (Winsbetg, 1999). Although the theoretical plysicists work fits this description in that it articulated first principles to represent internal processes of production machinery, the philosophical literature on simulation modeling has little to say about the implication of the intended industrial application for the physicists work. 

Historically, the problems studied and the approaches followed in scientific investigations are strongly constrained by the loading methods and diagnostics available to a particular investigator. Hence, the complete scientific description of shock-compressed matter often requires the interpretation of experiments from a number of independent directions that are often not consistent with each other and may contain significant ambiguities. 

This book is the first attempt to provide a detailed description of scientific basis of the method of semiconductor chemical sensors which are presently widely applied in various domains of industry and in everyday life. The major feature of this book (which distinguishes it from the literature published up to date) is that it mainly examines the use of the method of semiconductor sensors in fine physical and chemical studies. 

The second part of the book deals with the use of above method in physical and chemical studies. In addition to illustration load, this part of the book has a separate scientific value. The matter is that as examples the book provides a detailed description of the studies of sudi highly interesting processes as adsorption, catalysis, pyrolysis, photolysis, radiolysis, spill-over effect as well as gives an insight to such problems as behavior of free radicals at phase interface, interaction of electron-excited particles with the surface of solid body, effect of restructuring of the surface of adsorbent on development of different heterogeneous processes. 

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