Deliveries costs

At <10% market penetration, delivery costs from a central plant located some distance from the city are very high. During this period, local production will likely play an important role. Another alternative would be to utilize gaseous tube trailer delivery from nearby central hydrogen production facilities if such facilities exist near or in that urban area. This could be cost-effective if the ultimate tube trailer carrying capacity target of 1100 kg could be achieved. 

Current urban hydrogen delivery cost versus market penetration (Urban 250,000 k people, plant 100 km from the city gate)... 

Current rural hydrogen delivery cost versus market penetration... 

The cost of pipeline delivery drops rapidly as market penetration increases and tends to flatten out above 25%. The difference in delivery cost for a city of 1,000,000 and 250,000 people is not large. Although not shown, the costs for delivery for cities <250,000 people do start to increase significantly. 

For intercity/rural markets, again, the costs are a function of hydrogen demand. Note that delivery cost tends to be higher and pipelines tend to be less competitive in this market (Figure 10.5). 

A breakdown of the current delivery costs for pipelines for an urban market of 250,000 people is shown in Figure 10.6. The forecourt/refueling site cost represents a large fraction of the total delivery cost (40%). This is predominantly the cost of compression and storage at the refueling site and highlights the importance of these areas for cost reduction. The reminder of the cost is split relatively evenly over the cost of the other parts of the pipeline infrastructure. This means that some cost reduction is needed in all of these areas. 

Humans face Material and energy construction costs Shipping, storage, and handling costs Delivery costs, environmental impact, and autotoxicity considerations... 

Figure 12.4 shows the composition of liquid hydrogen delivery costs. It can be seen that the electricity prices and costs clearly have the highest impacts on the delivery costs, while the influence of delivery distance is much smaller. 

Plant lo Refueling Station Q Refueling Station a Total Delivery Cost... 

Figure 2 Hydrogen delivery costs using current delivery technologies.

F. Goodrich have burned a 10% tire chip mixture with coal (11—13). Tire grinding size reduction problems and delivery costs have stymied projects based on combined tire and coal fuel. Transportation of tire scrap can cost 0.05/kg, exdusive of grinding costs, thus tire-fired boilers are limited to areas with sample scrap tire supplies, eg, large cities or tire manufacturers. The cost of burning one metric ton of tires per hour in an incinerator was ca 0.20—0.40 per tire in 1974, which increased to 0.35—0.70 per tire in 1987 (14). 

Coal Slurry Pipelines. The only operating U.S. coal slurry pipeline is the 439-km Black Mesa Pipeline that has provided the 1500-MW Mohave power plant of Southern California Edison with coal from the Kayenta Mine in northern Arizona since 1970. It is a 457-mm dia system that annually delivers 4.5 x 106 t of coal, the plant s only fuel source, as a 48.5—50% slurry. Remote control of slurry and pipeline operations is achieved with a SCADA computer system. In 1992 coal delivery cost from mine to power plant was calculated to be S0.010/t-km ( 0.015/t-mi) (28). 

The issue is not whether these prices are high or low, but rather the absence of commercial rationale in them. As Belarus is situated as far from Turkmenistan as Ukraine one should expect that the transport cost is the same. Nevertheless, Belarus used to pay almost half the price that Ukraine had to pay. And despite Georgia is situated much closer to Turkmenistan -and the gas sources - Georgia had to pay the highest price regardless of the lower delivery cost. 

Distributors, in turn, will benefit from increasing the utilization of their comprehensive network based on additional business. Furthermore, as distributors warehouses are generally located close to the point of final delivery, they are able to operate with lower delivery costs and shorter distribution times than the producers. 

Perhaps the biggest advantage of N2 flooding is that it potentially can be used anywhere in the world, such as on North Sea platforms, where other injection fluids are not available or their delivery cost would be prohibitive. The commercial usability of N2 depends, of course, on the cost of extracting it from the atmosphere. 

Economic efficiency of waste plastics processing depends on the methods of their selection and preparation for processing as well as the cost of thermal or catalytic treatment, i.e. the cost of investment and exploitation of the cracking plant. For instance the main characteristic of fluid-bed reactors is the possibility of exploitation of large-scale units (at least 50000 tons or more per year), low cost of exploitation, but accompanied by large investment and feed delivery costs. And on the other hand, smaller reactors can be built on a smaller scale, a few thousand tons per year output, lower investment costs and lower feed deliveries (processing of local wastes in limited area), but operated with larger exploitation costs. 

It is well to note the effect of supply and demand in the prices in Table II. In Oklahoma, the demands for oil for power generation is nil because gas is used for all power plants. Residual oil from substitute natural gas plants has been valued at 57-60 /MM Btu at the plant. Based on these facts, very low sulfur residual oil can be valued at 66-69 / MM Btu currently at the ports. Delivery costs are superimposed on these. 

The cost of nuclear hydrogen supply for transportation usage, by thermochemical and electrical decomposition methods, was evaluated in order to compete with gasoline. The total cost for a centralized hydrogen production consists of production cost, delivery cost, and station cost [16]. 

GAO and the pharmaceutical companies.21 All of the courts agreed that GAO had the authority to see cost data even if the prices were not negotiated. The courts also agreed that direct costs, such as manufacturing costs, royalty costs, and delivery costs were relevant to the contract and were therefore subject to GAO review.22 But, the courts were split on GAO s right of... 

FOB cost. The cost of the crated, fabricated equipment loaded onto a carrier at the location of fabrication (or another specified location). The acronym FOB stands for free-on-board, meaning the equipment has been placed on board the carrier without an additional loading charge, e.g., FOB Pittsburgh. Such a cost does not include tax, duties, freight, and delivery costs. The term purchase cost is ambiguous. 

Delivery costs often amount to 50 % of the ex-works price, depending on the distance and mode of transport. Screened products are mainly transported in bulk using tipper trucks, which are sheeted to exclude rain and to prevent dust emission. Ground quicklime and hydrated lime are transported in air pressure discharge vehicles. Such vehicles can also be used for screened products with a top size below 20 mm. Smaller quantities are packed in intermediate bulk containers of 0.5 or 11 capacity, and in paper sacks. 

Where both the quicklime and the co-produced carbon dioxide can be used as raw materials (e.g., in the ammonia-soda process for sodium carbonate, the sugar beet refining process and the precipitated calcium carbonate process) it is generally economically attractive to install lime kilns on site as an integral part of the process and to accept the relatively high delivery costs of the limestone. 

Once hydrogen is produced at a centralized facility, it must be delivered to the fueling station. Depending on the delivery method, there may be storage costs at both the production facility and fueling station. The delivery cost can be quite expensive, and may determine the overall viability of the hydrogen option. This section outlines the various options for distribution and how these options are included in HjSim. 

Delivery costs will vary considerably with the individual biomass production operation. In general, a 40-ton low-bed truck with driver can be hired for about 180 per 24-hour day at current rates. Loading equipment with operators must be stationed at each end of the delivery run. In an ideal biomass production operation, i.e., one managed by a private farmer for profit, the land owner would probably own and help operate the truck and accessory equipment. An estimated delivery cost for solar-dried biomass on a 20-mile run would be 6.00 to 8.00 per ton (1980 dollars). 

Customer order size effects Customers who are close to a warehouse generally tend to order more frequently and in smaller quantity than customers who are farther away. This implies that delivery costs tend to increase on a /cwt basis as the number of facilities increases. 

Negotiated reduction in warehousing and delivery costs The fewer facilities, the greater their incfividual volume, and hence the more opportunity there is to negotiate more favorable arrangements for warehousing and delivery service. 

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