Equipment, fabrication

Equipment fabricated from such a steel may undergo corrosion by condensation of even mild corrosives unless it is possible to keep it above the dew-point or to neutralize acidic condensates. This kind of corrosion can be prevented by a preliminary heat-treating at temperatures of 815-915°C. The niobium-stabilized steels respond best to this treatment. 

In areas where electrical equipment is exposed to contaminants, the selection of equipment whose contacts are oil-immersed or hermetically sealed can increase reliability and equipment life. Similarly, providing environmentally-controlled equipment rooms can greatly increase equipment life at locations where contaminants are prevalent. In offshore and other areas exposed to salt, type 316 stainless steel is often preferred over types 303 and 304, which will pit with time. Likewise, in similar locations, equipment fabricated from galvanized steel will corrode much more rapidly than equipment hot-dip galvanized after fabrication. 

Further reading on materials, materials selection and equipment fabrication. 

See reference 36 for discussion of various types of dust collection equipment. Fabric filters will be used in order to recover all the fines in a dry state. These should recover 99% of the material larger than 0.2 microns.36 A continuous-envelope fabric filter will be used, since this seems to have the lowest annual costs. For this filter ft3 of surface area is required for about each 2 ft3/min of air. 

All the obstacles in the path of distillation progress, however, were not equipment fabrication and design problems. It was discovered very early in the running of sour crudes that the shell still corroded severely at the vapor-liquid interface line and in that portion of the shell in contact with vapors. At the same time severe corrosion in pipe stills and tube stills, along with overheating and coking, resulted in expensive equipment failures. These problems started metallurgists on a chain of developments which produced the corrosion- and heat-resistant alloys used in modern oil heaters and the alloy liners used in distillation columns. 

PANELIST SIEGEL I would be glad to try to answer that. The question has been raised often about the process plant design and construction capability in the U.S. Will it have the potential to build as many plants as would be necessary to accomplish a substantial synfuels volume by the year 2000 This has been considered a number of times by a variety of groups. The conclusion has been that the process plant industry and the equipment fabrication industry could grow at a sufficiently rapid rate so that, as an example, by the year 2000, it could put in place 50-100 synthetic fuels plants having an average capacity of 50,000 barrels per day each, which would total 2.5-5 million barrels per day of synthetic fuel capacity. 

Review team members or consultants retained to support a review should be chosen that are intimately familiar with the hydrocarbon or chemical processes under examination. For example a crude separation operator should not be chosen to support a review of a refinery gas plant, however he could serve as a reviewer for another crude separation unit. The typical review team should also have a balanced number of individuals from different organizations such as company employees, consultants, equipment fabricators, etc. Hopefully one group s self interest should not be able to outweigh and unduly sway the entire groups outlook. 

Operations Technicians or Supervisors Specialized Consultants Equipment Fabricators or Vendors... 

The equipment fabricators and material suppliers must submit ... 

Buildings, cost of 174-175, 803-805 Burning for equipment fabrication, 447 Butyl rubber, 435... 

Current-average method for materials accounting, 148 Current liabilities, 140-141 Current ratio, 140-142 Cutting for equipment fabrication, 447 Cyclic operations, optimum conditions for, 353-361... 

En neering News Record cost index, 163-165 Entrainment, 683-684 Environmental protection, 75-91 regulations for, 74-78 Epoxy resins, 437-443 Equipment, fabrication of, 446-449 specifications for, 22, 36-42 tables for estimated life of, 271-275 (See also specific name)... 

Financing costs, 196, 207-208, 211 Finishing in equipment fabrication, 449 Fiimed-tube heat-exchanger costs, 616 Fire and explosion hazards, 55-59 Firm process design, 14, 18 Fittings ... 

---