Costs reduction

For example, let resin cost = x kg density = 1.1 g mh then volume cost = l.lx litre. Let filler cost = O.lx kg, density = 2.6 g mh, volmne cost = 0.26x litre. Thus, a 50/50 w/w mixture would cost 0.55x kg or 0.86x litre, i.e., a volume-cost reduction over the resin of only 22% compared with a weight-cost redaction of 45%. 

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In both these NDT application fields, new construction and maintenance, these tendencies can lead to rationalisation, with cost reduction as a result, maintaining existing safety levels. 

Globally, iron production is expected to iacrease ia developiag couatries as local steel iadustries grow to supply the increasing demand for steel products. Iron production ia already developed couatries is expected to stabilize or possibly decliae as the opportunities for export diminish. Efforts in the developed countries are expected to be in energy efficiency, productivity, quaUty, and cost reduction. 

ASTM D883 defines a filler as "...a relatively inert material added to a plastic to modify its strength, permanence, working properties, or other quaHties or to lower costs." EiHers (qv) that modify the properties and characteristics of epoxies are employed in epoxy resins for a variety of reasons. Then principal functions are to control viscosity, reduce shrinkage and the coefficient of thermal expansion, effect a cost reduction, and color the epoxy resins. 

As with ah thin-film PV technologies, the projected manufacturing costs of a-Si H ahoy PV modules fah rapidly with annual manufacturing volume, ie, MWp /yr. The primary driver of this volume cost reduction is the volume—cost relationship of commercially available thin-film processing equipment. Thin-film coating machines often have capacities equivalent to 3—5 yr, so that manufacturing economies of scale are more fully realized at the... 

Overhead condensers sometimes need to be located in the stmcture. Usually, partial condensers need to be elevated above the reflux accumulator. Considerable stmcture cost reduction can be achieved if the process can use grade-mounted condensers. Mounting the exchangers at grade may require them to be designed with subcooling so that the reflux accumulator can be located above the condenser. This should be considered as part of the process design. 

Oxide and nonoxide refractory fibers have become essential materials for use in modem high temperature industrial processes and advanced commercial appHcations. Future process improvements, cost reductions, and performance enhancements are expected to expand the uses and markets for these specialized fibrous materials. 

Most current world PV production comes from the classical ingot technologies. Nevertheless, sheet growth, thin films, and PV concentrators hold greater potential for sufficient cost reduction to stimulate large-scale appHcations. 

Achievement of development goals is expected to lead to cost reductions such that cost-effective machines at a good site should produce electricity at - 0.05/kWh. 

The production of steel is of great importance in most countries because modem civilization depends heavily on steel, the raw material for many industries. As a result, most countries have an active steel industry, which at one time was heavily subsidized but as of this writing is increasingly privatized. The world trade in steel was frequently a source of hard currency where the United States was the main contributor. Trade is much more at market prices that reflect the real cost of production. Under these conditions, the United States in its own market is very often the low cost producer following massive cost reduction in the 1980s. The United States can export a few million tons per year at a profit. 

The trend toward lower proof beverages will also likely continue because of new consumer preferences, cost reduction, and tax savings opportunities. Pressures to improve production efficiencies and lower costs will increase and new technology must play a greater role in this area. Distilled beverages have been produced for several thousands of years and will continue to be consumed in an ever increasing variety of forms and packages. 

These are known as chemically pure (CP) cadmiums. With the development of other uses for cadmium and selenium, costs have risen substantially in recent years. Some cost reduction may be obtained by use of the cadmium Hthopones. These have the same relative shades but have been coprecipitated onto about 60% barium sulfate. The resulting extensions give better money value, if the higher pigment loading can be tolerated, with no loss in properties. 

The impact of a knowledge-based application may appear in many ways improved competitive position, quality improvement, improvement in efficiency, cost reduction, and reduction in downtime, to name a few. Some of these benefits may be hard to quantify others may not be quantifiable at all. For example, the actual benefit derived from a diagnostic advisory system may not be apparent if the process behaves normally. To quantify the benefits, a careful post-audit may have to be done, taking into account the number of faults averted, and comparing the frequency of faults before and after implementation. 

The presentation will focus on the differences and similarities of these systems as well as problems encountered in their practical use. By looking at the analytical process chain characteristics, such as the reliability and traceability of data, documentation standards and total costs of QM are discussed and evaluated. Suggestions for harmonization of QM-Systems and reduction of bureaucracy will be made, resulting in an improvement of the overall practical applicability and cost reduction of QM. 

Any cost reduction in electricals (motor, cables, switchgears etc.). 

Similar cost reduction possible but all requirements to be suitable for slightly higher fault level because of high /s,... 

Standard turboexpander-compressor sets designed and manufactured by competent manufactureres embody many of the reliability improvement and maintenance cost reduction features inherent in API (American Petroleum Institute) standards for other turbomachines. To achieve close compliance, however, the owner/purchasers must know their specific needs or requirements. Nevertheless, it may not be practical, feasible, or economically justified to achieve full compliance with API specifications, which were generally devised without giving thought to the peculiarities of turboexpanders and their sometimes differing operating environments. 

Against this backdrop, the quest for more efficient processes, more reliable equipment, downtime avoidance, and maintenance cost reductions is understandable. How are these pursuits structured Better yet, how should they be structured The answer is the real best-of-class, high profitability performers who are hard at work changing old ways of thinking. They are willing to reassess work processes and work procedures. Best-of-class companies also revisit the basics while, understandably, engaging in the search for new and advanced technologies. 

Finally, the main benefit as far as competitive business performance is concerned is the potential for reduction in failure costs. Studies using CA very early in the development process of a number of projects have indicated that the potential failure costs were all reduced through an analysis. This is shown in Figure 2.47, where this potential failure cost reduction is shown as the difference between pre-CA and post-CA application by the teams analysing the product designs. 

Before setting about the task of developing such a model, the product development process requires definition along with an indication of its key stages, this is so the appropriate tools and techniques can be applied (Booker et al., 1997). In the approach presented here in Figure 5.11, the product development phases are activities generally defined in the automotive industry (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991). QFD Phase 1 is used to understand and quantify the importance of customer needs and requirements, and to support the definition of product and process requirements. The FMEA process is used to explore any potential failure modes, their likely Occurrence, Severity and Detectability. DFA/DFM techniques are used to minimize part count, facilitate ease of assembly and project component manufacturing and assembly costs, and are primarily aimed at cost reduction. 

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