Hydrogen production centralized

Hydrogen infrastructure will depend on where the hydrogen is produced and what form it is stored. The major choices are onboard hydrogen production, centralized production, and production at fueling stations. 

Synfuel-Caibon Capture and Sequestration Carbon Capture and Sequestration from Hydrogen Production Central Power-Carbon Capture and Sequestration Solar and Hydro Nuclear Biomass... 

At <10% market penetration, delivery costs from a central plant located some distance from the city are very high. During this period, local production will likely play an important role. Another alternative would be to utilize gaseous tube trailer delivery from nearby central hydrogen production facilities if such facilities exist near or in that urban area. This could be cost-effective if the ultimate tube trailer carrying capacity target of 1100 kg could be achieved. 

Today s rapidly increasing activities on hydrogen focus mostly on vehicle applications and less on stationary applications. For fuel cells, stationary applications are also relevant, but natural gas will be the dominant fuel here. The dominance of the transport sector is also reflected in the hydrogen roadmaps developed, among others, in the EU, the USA, Japan, or at an international level. Whereas in the beginning, onsite or decentralised production options based on fossil fuels or electricity are seen as the major option for hydrogen production, later on central production options will dominate the market. Here, several options could play a role, from coal, with carbon capture and sequestration, through natural gas and renewables (wind, biomass) to nuclear. A C02-free or lean vision can be identified in every roadmap. The cost... 

Fig. 14.3 shows schematically how the hydrogen infrastructure options - comprising the whole supply chain of hydrogen from production (central or onsite), via transport and distribution to the (implementation of) refuelling stations - are modelled in MOREHyS. It has to be noted, that from the point of view of model implementation, transport refers to the transportation of hydrogen between different areas, while distribution is defined as the transportation of hydrogen within the... 

Both the production of hydrogen from coal and the production of oil from unconventional resources (oil sands, oil shale, CTL, GTL) result in high C02 emissions and substantially increase the carbon footprint of fuel supply, unless the C02 is captured and stored. While the capture of C02 at a central point source is equally possible for unconventionals and centralised hydrogen production, in the case of hydrogen, a C02-free fuel results, unlike in the case of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This is all the more important, as around 80% of the WTW C02 emissions result from the fuel use in the vehicles. If CCS were applied to hydrogen production from biomass, a net C02 removal from the atmosphere would even be achievable. 

For the three NG-based central hydrogen production and distribution pathways that were introduced above we have quantified the C02 emissions without and... 

Fig. 15.3 C02 emissions associated with the three central hydrogen production cases of Fig. 15.2. In each case the impact of C02 capture at the central manufacturing complex is indicated. Note that C02 capture is an energy consuming process, causing an increase in the C02 produced in the CCS cases. The lines between bars serve as guides to the eye, illustrating reduction in total C02 emitted upon application of CCS.

By 2010, verify renewable integrated hydrogen production with water electrolysis at a hydrogen cost of 2.50/kg (electrolyser capital cost of 300/kWe for 250 kg/day with 73% system efficiency). By 2010, verify large-scale central electrolysis at 2.00/kg hydrogen at the plant gate. 

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