Hydrogen demand

The H-Coal process could operate in one of two modes, depending on the desired product slate. In the "syn-cmde" mode, a fluid-bed coking unit was employed to maximize recovery of distillate from the Hquefaction product (Fig. 7a). When operated in the fuel oil mode (Fig. 7b), no coker was used and the primary product was a coal-derived low sulfur fuel oil. Total hydrogen demand on the process was also reduced in the latter mode of operation. 

The gained hydrogen from the water shift reaction reduces the hydrogen demand for FTS. Water gas shift proceeds at about the same rate as the FT reaction. Studies of the overall water shift reaction in FT synthesis have been reviewed by Rofer Deporter. Another side reaction also occurring in FTS reactors is the disproportionation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and carbon ... 

For intercity/rural markets, again, the costs are a function of hydrogen demand. Note that delivery cost tends to be higher and pipelines tend to be less competitive in this market (Figure 10.5). 

The use of organic chemical hydrides on the basis of superheated liquid-film concept would, thus, make it possible to combine electrolysis hydrogen produced from renewable energy and by-product hydrogen recovered from various industrial processes, with the hydrogen demand practically for stationary fuel cells and hydrogen vehicles. 

Within the series of the Chemical Economics Handbook published by SRI Consulting, nearly all known direct hydrogen producers worldwide are cited (see www.sriconsulting.com). Another possibility to estimate the produced hydrogen volumes is from the respective hydrogen demand of the final products (e.g., from ammonia, methanol or refinery products) (see LBST (1998)). 

It is expected that the hydrogen demand for crude-oil processing will increase further, the reason for this being twofold on the one hand, through an increasing... 

General input data for the MOREHyS model 14.4.1 Development of hydrogen demand... 

The hydrogen-demand scenarios differ in the following options ... 

Stationary hydrogen demand has not been considered. Stationary fuel cells are not necessarily a market for hydrogen, because natural gas from the gas mains can easily be used directly a conversion of natural gas or biogas to hydrogen would only reduce the overall efficiency (see Chapter 13). 

Table 14.5. Annual hydrogen demand in the Reference scenario...

The Reference scenario ( REF ) is, among others, based on the distributed users scenario for the geographical distribution of hydrogen demand, a fuelling-station strategy tailored to meeting demand only ( FS demand ) and a late road network it is further characterised by high natural gas prices and a stabilisation objective for C02... 

Figure 14.6(a). Geographical allocation of hydrogen demand in Germany until 2030 concentrated users scenario . 

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