Accessory Equipment

Operation of a spectrometer for spectrochemical analysis utilizes, in addition to the accessory equipment already discussed, a variety of items. An optical bench is needed on which the items external to the spectrometer can be rigidly mounted. An assortment of lenses and lens holders is useful for different optical arrangements. Lenses preferably should be quartz, and a cylindrical lens is useful to focus radiation along the entrance slit of the spectrometer. Colored filters frequently are used in the external optical path to absorb radiation in certain wavelength regions and to separate overlapping spectral orders. An order sorter can be used for the same purpose. 

Electrodes for analytical spectroscopy should properly be considered as supplies but will be discussed in this chapter since they are an essential part of the excitation process. Photographic plates, emulsions, and developing processes will be included in the following chapter, dealing with methods of recording and reading spectra. 

Metal alloys frequently are formed into electrodes for spectrochemical analysis and usually are referred to as self-electrodes. Since metals are electrically conducting, this method is quite satisfactory. Spark analysis of self-electrodes is common since good precision can be attained and concentrations of metals in the alloy range are easily determined. The Petry stand can be used for flat metal surfaces if desired. 

FIGURE 5-20. Some basic types of carbon electrodes. [Courtesy Atomergic-Chemetals Co.] 

Other desirable properties of carbon or graphite as electrode material include a high excitation potential (about 10 eV), ease of preparation with a high degree of purity, ease of machining, resistance to corrosion, resistance to thermal shock, the possession of a simple spectrum of its own, and the fact that it sublimes at arc temperatures rather than melting. 

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For estimating filtration rate (therefore, operating pressure and size of the filter), washing characteristics, and other important features, small-scale tests such as the leaf or pressure bomb tests described earlier are usually essential. In the conduct and interpretation of such tests, and for advice on labor requirements, maintenance schedule, and selection of accessory equipment the assistance of a dependable equipment vendor is advisable. 

Dimensional drawings, including dimensions and details of all accessory equipment. 

API Bulletin D13, First Edition Installation and Use of Blowout-Preventer Stacks and Accessory Equipment, API, February 1966. 

For the past 2 years the output of analyses has been increased greatly, particularly with penetration studies, by utilization of wet-processing techniques and development of several new pieces of apparatus. This equipment includes the revolving drum-type stripping machine and especially adapted drill press used also for parathion studies. A detailed description of this press has been published ( ), and the stripping machine and accessory equipment have been described (5). 

In 1964 the installed cost for each extruder and its accessory equipment was given as 90,000.25 The indirect costs increase the cost for solids-handling equipment an average of 29%. This gives a bare module cost of 1,180,000 for all 9 extruders and accessories in 1968. No bare module factors are given for extruders. However, an extruder is really a polymer pump, and for pumps and compressors the bare module factor is around 3.25 and the material factor for stainless steel is 2.0. A back calculation gives a 1968 F.O.B. cost of 540,000. 

Contamination of line equipment on a dip-fill line is a constant problem. During filling operations, WP contamination is transferred from filled munitions and pallets to surfaces of accessory equipment until the filled munition enters the cleaning station. Large quantities of water and gas are contaminated from ... 

Proportioning devices, their accessory equipment, and foam makers should be inspected. 

Institute for Chemical Technology of the Technical University of Graz (hosting also the CD Laboratory for Fuel Cells). Here, development of advanced fuel cell electrodes is in progress. This Institute also makes and assembles fuel cell stacks and accessory equipment. Five prototype Apollo Fuel Cell have been produced. 

Select calibration hierarchy. By selecting a working calibrator, its calibration hierarchy is determined by the available documentation. Attention should also be paid to the calibration and metrological traceability of measurement results for input quantities to a measurement function measured by accessory equipment such as balances, thermometers, and volumetric ware. 

Considerably reduced investment and operating costs. This has been brought about mainly through elimination of multiple reactors and accessory equipment, elimination of time cycle controllers, greatly simplified method of regeneration, and elimination of reheat furnaces. 

Operating speeds of larger units are as high as 277 rpm with piston speeds for air service up to 4.3 m/sec. The larger compressors with provision for multiple services reduce the number of motors or drivers and minimize the accessory equipment, resulting in lower maintenance cost. 

Polyester resins and anaerobic adhesives and sealants have also exhibited high radiation resistance. Anaerobic adhesives have several years of long-term exposure in radiation environments due to their use as thread locking sealants in nuclear reactors and accessory equipment. 

The total fixed-capital investment for the installed equipment may be obtained by multiplying the cost of all the primary and accessory equipment by 4. This factor takes care of construction costs and all other fixed costs such as piping, valves, instrumentation, new buildings, etc. (This, of course, does not include the original solvent cost or any raw materials.)... 

When accurate determination of structural parameters is the objective, monochromatic data are preferred. Some beamlines are capable of changing between monochromatic and polychromatic modes of operation, and a description of such a set-up is given in two recent reviews (Parise and Chen 1997, Parise et al. 1998). The particular beamline configuration, including the availability of accessory equipment such as furnaces, cryo-equipment and pressure cells, needs to be ascertained before applying for beamtime. The beamline responsible scientist (BRS) can let the user know many of these details, and most facilities (Table 1) insist on the potential user contacting the BRS to discuss the feasibility of a particular experimental program. 

Are animal cages, racks, and accessory equipment cleaned and sanitized at appropriate intervals ... 

The mass spectrometer is theoretically capable of analyzing any gas in a mixture of gases with a speed, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy that cannot be matched by other known means of analysis. However, the initial cost of the instrument and accessory equipment has thus far precluded its widespread use. Fowler and Hugh Jones described a mass spectrometer specifically for respiratory physiological studies. Extensive use has been made of this instrument (W6-W8). 

The choice of extraction equipment should be based on the minimum annual cost for the complete package of extractor and accessory equipment, including operating and solvent loss costs. 

Cluster Beams, Fast and Slow Beams, Accessory Equipment and Applications By H. Pauly... 

A comparison between a conventional (c) and a derivative (b) mass-loss curve is given in Figure 2.36. The derivative curve may be obtained either from the TG curve by manual differentiation methods or by electronic differentiation of the TG signal. Accessory equipment is available for most... 

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