Malignant cells

Rituximab (Rituxan ) Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 molecule on B lymphocytes.21 Similar to other B-cell malignancies, CLL... 

Three main routes exist for the spread of cancer cells throughout the body. These involve the lymphatic system, the blood system, and direct extension into body cavities. Spread by the lymphatic system is thought to be important for carcinomas. The walls of these channels offer little mechanical resistance to penetration by tumor cells. Malignant cells readily invade the walls of these vessels and are carried to regional lymph nodes. In the lymph node, the cancer cells can arrest, proliferate and produce a metastatic tumor. Malignant cells may later detach from the lymph node and be carried in the bloodstream to other sites throughout the body. 

Presently photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered as a perspective way for therapy of different diseases, including cancer. PDT is a method based on the local light-induced activation of photosensitizers able to accumulate selectively in energy-deficient cells (malignant or dysplastic ones) not influencing the remaining normal cells of the body (Pass, 1993). Upon the action of irradiation of certain wavelength characteristic for individual photosensitizer, photochemical reaction occurs... 

Inpus erythematosus A chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, affecting the skin and internal organs, lymphoma A malignant tumor of the lymph nodes, multiple sclerosis A disease of the nervous system, myelodysplasia Abnormal or defective formation of the bone marrow. Mycoplasma Minute primitive bacteria without a rigid cell wall. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia in humans, myeloma cells Malignant tumor cells. 

A. Trojan, J.L. Schultze, M. Witzens, R.H. Vonderheide, M. Ladetto, J.W. Donovan, and J.G. Gribben, Immunoglobulin framework derived peptides function as c34otoxic T cell epitopes commonly expressed in B-cell malignancies, Nat Med. 6, 667-672 (2000). 

The inhibitors available for human use, azacitidine and decitabine, have been approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) [98, 99[. MDS summarizes a set of different conditions that affect the maturation of blood cells. It is a group of bone marrow stem cell malignancies that have a pathogenetic overlap with acute myeloid leukemia, show peripheral blood cytopenias and, in more advanced subtypes, varied degrees of maturation arrest [100]. Both drugs are approved for all subtypes of MDS. Response rates are usually around 30%. The question whether the clinical benefit results more from epigenetic effects and re-activation of silenced maturation factors or more from cytotoxic effects on the immature hyperproliferative cells remains open. 

Burger JA, Ghia P, Rosenwald A et al (2009) The microenvironment in mature B-cell malignancies a target for new treatment strategies. Blood 114 3367-3375... 

ATP -I- 9- -D-arabinofuranosylguanine <3> (<3> guanosine analog with activity in patients with T-cell malignancies [15]) (Reversibility <3>... 

Lerza R, Botta M, Barsotti B, Schenone E, Mencoboni M, Bogholo G, Pannacciulh I, Arboscello E. Dexamethazone-induced acute tumor lysis syndrome in a T-cell malignant lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2002 43(5) 1129-32. 

Cell Fusion Unlike antibody-secreting cells, myeloma cells, malignant tumor cells of the immune system, can be cultured continuously. Kohler and Milstein (1975) developed a method to fuse (hybridize) B-lymphocytes from the mouse spleen with mouse myeloma cells, so that the fused cell, hybrid-myeloma (or hybridoma) cell, can have the characteristic of the both cell lines that is, the production of specific antibodies and the immortality. Since the hybridoma is derived from a single B-lymphocyte, it produces only one kind of antibody, thus a monoclonal antibody. 

Thomas RK, Sos ML, Zander T, Mani O, Popov A, Berenbrinker D, Smola-Hess S, Schultze JL, Wolf J. 2005. Inhibition of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB despite lack of functional IkappaBalpha protein overcomes multiple defects in apoptosis signaling in human B-cell malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 11 8186-8194. 

Hypertrophy of the nucleolus is one of the most distinctive cytological features of cancer cells. Malignant cells usually display a larger nucleolus than do benign cells,... 

Once the phenotype of a blood cell malignancy in a particular patient is known, the cytometrist can use the multiparameter flow description of that phenotype to define the malignant clone and to look for the absence of these cells in order to diagnose remission after... 

This plasma cell malignancy is one of the models of neoplastic disease in humans because it arises from a single tumor stem cell, and the tumor cells produce a marker protein (myeloma immunoglobulin) that allows the total body burden of tumor cells to be quantified. Multiple myeloma principally involves the bone marrow and the surrounding bone, causing bone pain, lytic lesions, bone fractures, and anemia as well as an increased susceptibility to infection. 

Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL). This B cell malignancy primarily involves the red pulp of the spleen (not white pulp), peripheral blood, and bone marrow and is composed of medium-sized, bland-appearing lymphocytes with relatively abundant cytoplasm including hairy cytoplasmic projections. 

K12. Kipps, T. J., Advances in classification and therapy of indolent B-cell malignancies. Semin. 

Refers to an idiotype where the idiotype is that portion of the variable region of an antibody that confers specificity. See Bigazzi, P.E., Regulation of autoimmunity and the idiotypic network, Immunol. Ser. 54, 39-64, 1991 Schoenfeld, Y, Idiotypic induction of autoimmunity do we need an autoantigen Clin. Exptl. Rheumatol. 12 (Suppl. 11), S37-S40, 1994 Schoenfeld, Y. and George, J., Induction of autoimmunity. A role for the idiotypic network, Ann. N.Y. Acad. ScL 815, 342-349, 1997 Bianchi, A. and Massaia, M., Idiotypic vaccination in B-cell malignancies. Mol. Med. Today 3, 435-441, 1997 Lacroix-Desmazes, S., Bayry, J., Misra, N. et al.. The concept of idiotypic vaccination against factor Vlll inhibitors in haemophilia A, Haemophilia 8 (Suppl. 2), 55-59, 2002 Coutinho, A., Will the idiotypic network help to solve natural tolerance Trends Immunol. 24, 53-54, 2003. 

Complete blood cell count with differential In cases of uveitis a complete blood cell coimt can help identify an underlying bacterial or viral etiology based on the white cell differential. Additionally, this test may assist in the detection of a white blood cell malignancy, such as leukemia or lymphoma. A complete blood cell count should also accompany an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) analysis, because the complete blood cell count identifies anemia that may affect the results of the ESR. 

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