Sulfonated 5 decane

Sodium decane sulfonate Dodecyl octaethylene glycol ether -2.2... 

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and the sodium salt Na-LAS (P550), alkyl sulfate (AS) Ci2-Ci4, alkylether sulfate (AES), alcohol ethoxylate (AE) 1012/60, methylester sulfonate (MES) Ci6-Ci8, Na-lauryl sulfate, 1-octane sulfate Na, 1-decan sulfonate Na, 1-hexadecan sulfonate Na, Laurie alcohol, 1-octanol (A. Caprilico), 1-nonanol, n-decyl-alcohol, 1-undecanol, 1-tridecanol, miristic alcohol (1-tetradecanol), 1-pentadecanol, cetyl-alcohol (1-hexadecanol), 1-hep-tadecanol, estearil alcohol (1-octadecanol), nonadecanol, araquidil alcohol (1-ecosanol), heneicosanol, behenil alcohol (1-docosanol),... 

M, pH 2.26, phosp. buffer/ ACN (80 20), contg lOmM decane-sulfonate... 

The head groups of these surfactant molecules are negatively charged. The most widely used anionic surfactants are those containing carboxylate groups, such as soaps, sulfonate, and sulfate ions Soaps, which are salts of weak carboxylic acids, are formed by the hydrolysis of fats (triglycerides) by sodium hydroxide. Sulfonates, such as sodium docusate and decane sulfonate, have been widel used in pharmaceutical systems. The most popular alkyl sulfate is sodium lauryl sulfate, which is... 

Fig. 2.2. The solubility of naphthalene in aqueous solutions of sodium cholate (c) and of Orange OT in solution of sodium decane-sulfonate ( ). The ratio between the increment in solubility (AS) and in concentration (AC) is plotted. The sodium decanesul-fonate solution displays the behavior typical of micelle formation with a well-defined CMC. (From Ref.24))...

FIG. 20 CT-lg c Isotherms of homologous sodium alkane 1-sulfonates in water at 45 °C. , Decane 1-sulfonate , dodecane 1-sulfonate , tridecane 1-sulfonate a, tetradecane 1-sulfonate x, pentadecane 1-sulfonate. 

The HLB numbers decrease with increasing chain length, e.g., from 13.25 for sodium decane 1-sulfonate to 9.45 for the C18 homolog [72]. Typical HLB numbers for positional isomers range from 12.3 for sodium dodecane 1-sulfonate to 13.2 for the more hydrophilic 6 isomer [73]. The HLB numbers of alkanesulfonates are less influenced by the isomeric position of the functional group and by substituents than the cM values [68]. HLB numbers can be correlated with partition coefficients for the distribution of a surfactant between the aqueous and oily phases, which emphasizes that the partition coefficient is dependent on the carbon number [68]. 

A similar case is mentioned by Heilweil89 who investigated sodium 2,6-di-n-octyl-and sodium 2,6-di-n-dodecylnaphthalene sulfonates in n-decane, n-heptane and benzene. In n-decane the apparent micellar aggregation numbers were essentially independent of C8- and C j 2-chain lengths. 

Sulfonic acids and sulfonate salts contain the -S03H and -SO) groups, respectively, attached to a hydrocarbon moiety. The structural formulas of benzene sulfonic acids and of sodium 1 -(p-sulfophenyl)decane, a biodegradable detergent surfactant, are shown in Figure 1.19. The common sulfonic acids are water-soluble strong acids that lose virtually all ionizable H+ in aqueous solution. They are used commercially to hydrolyze fat and oil esters to produce fatty acids and glycerol used in chemical synthesis. 

An anionic mlcroemulslon system was based on blends of monoethanolamlne salts of bilinear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and branched pentadecyl o-xylene sulfonic acid. The bilinear structure results from the alkylation of benzene with a linear a-olefin. The former acts as a surfactant hydrophile (H) while the latter acts as a surfactant lipophile (L) at room temperature for the oil and water phases used in this study. The hydrophile tends to form water-continuous emulsions while the lipophile forms oil-continuous emulsions. The hydrophile-lipophile characteristics were varied by changing the weight ratio of H/L from 0.5 to 0.8. Decane was used as the oil phase and 2.0 wt. X NaCl In water as the aqueovis phase. The water-oil ratio was fixed at 95/5 and the total surfactant content was fixed at 2 g/dl. 

Sulfonation of Model Compounds. Suppliers of materials were ICN Biomedicals and Wiley Organics for cis-3-hexene and cts-3-methyl-3-hexene, respectively, and Aldrich Chemical Co. for Zrans-3-hexene, decalin, and decane. 

For solutions of typical ionic surfactants with no added salts the studies of Carroll and Ward showed that solubihzation rates were much smaller than those for nonionic surfactants, presumably because the surfactant ions adsorbed at the oil-water interface repelled the micelles of like charge in the solution. Indeed, Bolsman et al. found no measurable solubilization of n-hexadecane into solutions of a pure benzene sulfonate and a commercial xylene sulfonate. They injected small oil drops into the surfactant solutions and observed whether the resulting turbidity disappeared over time due to solubilization. Similarly, Kabalnov found from Ostwald ripening experiments that the rate of solubilization of undecane into solutions of pure SDS was independent of surfactant concentration and about the same as the rate in the absence of surfactant. That is, the hydrocarbon presumably left the bulk oil phase in this system by dissolving in virtually miceUe-free water near the interface. In similar experiments TayloC and Soma and Papadopoulos observed a small increase in the solubilization rate of decane with increasing SDS concentration. De Smet et al., who used sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, which does not hydrolyze, found, like Kabalnov, a minimal effect of surfactant concentration. 

The results of one of these comparisons for a typical group II surfactant, sulfonated 4( diethylphenyl )nonane, are shown in figure 4. The plots are of interfacial tension vs. alkane carbon number of EACN of the crude. Another comparison is shown in figure 5, this time for a mixture of two group II surfactants, sulfonated 5(p butylphenyl) decane and sulfonated 4(p butylphenyl) octane. 

Figure 5. Alkane/crude oil comparison for a Group II mixture, 90% sulfonated 5(p-butyl-phentjl)decane and 10% sulfonated 4(p-butylphenyl)octane by weight...

Using one of the pure alkyl aryl sulfonates with water, sodium chloride and decane, we are investigating simultaneously the phase behavior, the structure of the phases, and the interfacial tensions between them. Ultralow tensions are observed in this system (10), and it is important to know why they occur, when they do (13). Our first aim is to establish the equilibrium phase diagram of surfactant-water-decane as a function of... 

Spectroturbidimetry, conductimetry, ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, vapor sorption, polarizing microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to study phase behavior of pure sodium 8-phenyl-n-hexadecyl-p-sulfonate in water as a function of temperature and sodium chloride concentration, and in decane. The first four techniques gave information on solubility and states of dispersion ranging from visible, settling suspensions to transparent, stably dispersed submicro-scopic particles. Surfactant solubility in water was only 0.06 wt% at 25°C, increased 11-fold at 90°C, but decreased 300-fold with 3 wt% salt at 25°C. The surfactant-rich phase in... 

This interconversion was carried out in 88% yield with complete inversion of configuration as judged, for example, by incubation with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. A similar general route, reductive displacement of a sulfonate ester, was used to prepare chiral-methyl labeled decane (58). In neither case was the chiral purity of the product determined by analysis, but further work by Caspi s group (56, 59) indicated that their material must have had good chiral purity. 

Didecyl- bzw. Dibenzyl-sulfon werden durch Lithium/Methylamin zu Decansulfinsaure (92% d.Th.) und Decan bzw. Phenylmethansulfinsdure und Toluol gespalten1. 

The only available study on cancer in humans is limited by its lack of statistical power (Siemiatycki et al. 1987). The only chronic animal study is a briefly reported dermal study on possible carcinogenic effects in mice that was limited by the use of a mixture containing Stoddard solvent (90% Stoddard solvent, 7% calcium petroleum sulfonate, and 3% ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) (ERA 1984c). A follow-up to this study, using Stoddard solvent alone, would be useful. Concerns have been raised about the genotoxicity of some individual components of Stoddard solvent. Treatment of V79 Chinese hamster cells by />decane alone did not cause mutagenesis, but in combination with... 

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