Croton oil induced edema

Among five triterpenoids isolated from Calendula officinalis flowers, P-amyrin (119), faradiol (232), i /-taraxasterol (238), taraxasterol (239), and lupeol (238), the diol 232 was the most active. It showed a dose-dependent effect with a potency that equals that of indomethacin (5) in the topical anti-inflammatory assay with croton oil [33]. Esterification at C-3 of 232 with a fatty acid reduced the activity by more than 50% [33] consistent with our observation in the TPA-induced assay described above. The anti-inflammatory properties, as determined by croton oil-induced edema of mouse ear, of faradiol-3-O-myristate (233) and its 3-O-palmitate (234), the main components of lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers, were shown to be contribute significantly to the pronounced antiphlogistic activity of the lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers [34]. 

Assays for the inhibition of croton oil-induced edema, teleosidin-induced edema, and 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced edema in animals are used as rapid in vivo preliminary tests for screening antitumor-promoting substances [1],... 

Wound-healing effects of the flowers have been demonstrated in various animal tests. From in vitro and animal tests, topical antiinflammatory activity of the flowers is attributed to P-taraxasterol, ° isorhamnetic glycosides, and triterpenoidal fatty acid esters notably, faradiol monoester, which showed the same topical antiedematous activity in the Croton oil-induced edema model as indomethacin and at the same dose. ... 

Inhibitory Effects on TPA, HHPA, and Croton Oil-Induced Inflammatory Edema... 

In vivo primary screening assay CRO Inhibition of croton oil induced ear edema... 

Finally, routine animal models for inflammatory diseases can be used for testing the in vivo efficacy of selectin antagonists the murine peritonitis model and the ear edema model are the most common. In the murine peritonitis model [200], the migration of leukocytes in response to an acute inflammatory stimulus is assessed by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycolate. In the arachidonic acid- or croton oil-induced ear edema model [131,201], inflammation is measured as neutrophil infiltration, represented by myeloperoxidase activity in ear biopsy samples. 

Capsaicin is a natural compound that has been described as both anti-genotoxic and anti-carcinogenic. In addition, it is surmised to have a potential chemopreventive activity [119]. The compound s antiinflammatory properties have been demonstrated in different in vivo pharmacological tests, which have shown that it inhibits, among others, carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats and croton oil-induced mouse ear edema. These effects are associated with its interference of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the enzyme that produces arachidonic acid from the membrane phospholipids. Moreover, the proapoptotic effects of capsaicin are widely documented in the literature [120]. 

The triterpene-enriched fraction of the supercritical CO2 extract of the dried flowers of Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. Of the identified compounds, the faradiol monoesters, lupeol, F-taraxasterol and a mixture of taraxasterol/ 5-amyrin were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity. Faradiol, obtained by hydrolysis of the extract, was the most active compound. It showed a dose-dependent effect with a potency that equals that of indomethacin at 0.14 fimol/cm2 (48% and 47% edema inhibition, respectively). The esterification of faradiol resulted in a reduction of more than 50% in the activity (only 31% inhibition was observed at 0.14 pmol/cm2), whereas 4/-taraxasterol, a C-16P dehydroxylated derivative of faradiol, was less active (47% inhibition at a dose of 0.28 pmol/cm2) [43]. 

A further study was carried out on the anti-inflammatory effect of the EO of Iranian black cumin seeds (BCS) (N. sativa L. Ranunculaceae) by Hajhashemi et al. (2004). p-Cymene (37.3%) and thymoquinone (13.7%) were found to be the main compounds. For the detection of the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats was used and also the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. After oral administration of this EO at various doses no significant anti-inflammatory effect could be observed in the carrageenan test, whereas i.p. injection of the same doses significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema. At doses of 10 and 20 pL/ear, BCS-EO also caused a reduction of a CTOton oil-induced edema. An anti-inflanunatory effect could be observed after both systanic and local administration and thymoquinone seemed to play an important role in this pharmacological effect. 

Rats Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine in experimental models carrageenan- induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma, croton oil-induced granuloma pouch [79]... 

Acute dermatitis was induced by croton oil, arachidonic acid, phenol, and capsaicin. The dermatitis was treated with a-bisabolol. The EO compound showed good anti in ammatory activity (Leite et al., 2011). (-)-a-Bisabolol is a sesquiterpene alcohol and the main compound of the EO of Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae). It was evaluated for its anti-in ammatory activity using carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. a-Bisabolol was able to reduce the paw edema at concentrations of—100 or 200 mg/kg—at pre treatment and so did indomethacin, the positive control. It also had sign cant reduction effect in edema induced by dextran. Rat treatment with sesquiterpene alcohol (100 and 200 mg/kg) showed a sign cant decrease of leukocyte migration on carrageenan-induced peritonitis. The level of TNE-a in the peritoneal uid was de nitely reduced in rats when treated with a-bisabolol (Rocha et al., 2011). 

S-4001 P-Glucan Glycogen - antiinflammatory (croton oil mice ear edema, yeast Induced ankle swelling) - antiinflammatory (rat paw edema) Omphalia lapidescens Perna canaliculus (mussel) [73] [96, 97]... 

Musk has anti-inflammatory and antihistami-nic activities on experimental animals, Its anti-inflammatory activity was greater than that of phenylbutazone against arthritis in rats induced by injection of dead tubercle bacteria in liquid paraffin/ Its water-soluble ftaction has the strongest anti-inflammatory activity, being 36 times that of hydrocortisone in mouse ear edema induced by croton oil. The active principle is a polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 10,000 whose structure has not been determined. 

Decoction (15-30%) has exhibited antifungal activities against dermatophytes in vitro (jiANGsu). Fat- and water-soluble extractives reduced inflammation (croton seed oil induced otitis in mice) by 75.3% and 72.9%, respectively water extract also active against experimental edema (egg white induced). ... 

Sanqi total saponins and those from the rootlets all exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activities in several experimental models, with rootlet saponins (100 mg) stronger than cortisone (50 mg) in the ear edema (1.74 0.41 vs. 5.54 0.83 mg control 9.35 0.72 mg) induced by croton seed oil in mice. Oral administration of sanqi powder to rats markedly reduced lipid peroxide formation and greatly increased superoxide dismutase... 

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