Carrageenan-induced inflammation

Wu WP, Hao JX, Halldner-Henriksson L, Xu XJ, Jacobson MA, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Fredholm BB (2002) Decreased inflammatory pain due to reduced carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice lacking adenosine A3 receptors. Neuroscience 114(3) 523-527... 

Garry, M. G., Richardson, J. D., and Hargreaves, K. M. (1994). Carrageenan induced inflammation alters the content of i-cGMP and i-cAMP in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Brain Res. 646, 135-139. 

It has been consistently and repeatedly reported that the inflammatory process is accompanied by a seemingly paradoxical enhancement of the antinociceptive activity of opioids [152], For example, carrageenan-induced inflammation elicited a 30-fold increase in the ability of morphine to inhibit evoked activity of C-fibers [153]. The antinociceptive effect of morphine was similarly enhanced in arthritic rats [154], Further, the effect of ITH DAMGO... 

Capsaicin is a natural compound that has been described as both anti-genotoxic and anti-carcinogenic. In addition, it is surmised to have a potential chemopreventive activity [119]. The compound s antiinflammatory properties have been demonstrated in different in vivo pharmacological tests, which have shown that it inhibits, among others, carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats and croton oil-induced mouse ear edema. These effects are associated with its interference of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the enzyme that produces arachidonic acid from the membrane phospholipids. Moreover, the proapoptotic effects of capsaicin are widely documented in the literature [120]. 

The aerial parts of Eupatorium articulatum L. (Compositae) are widely used in the Andes region of Ecuador for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The methanolic extract of this species exhibited a significant in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, when tested for its ability to reduce carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat paw oedema, thus supporting the traditional use claimed for this plant. Since the inflammation process is associated to the generation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant properties of the extract were also studied [45]. Significant activity was observed when tested for its ability... 

Table 5. Percentage Inhibition in Carrageenan Induced Inflammation, Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation, Superoxide Generation and Xanthine Oxidase Production in the Presence of the Ethanolic Extract of E. articulatum ...

TWG exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect on acute agar-induced edema of the rat paw and suppressed carrageenan-induced inflammation in vivo. The number of exudate cells and the concentration of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitrite and TNF-oc in the... 

Reddy, A.C. and Lokesh, B.R., Studies on anti-inflammatory activity of spice principles and dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 38, 349,1994. 

Yatsuyanagi J, Iwai K, Ogiso T. 1987. Suppressive effect of zinc on some functions of neutrophils Studies with carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 35 699-704. 

Manjunatha, H. and Srinivasan, K. 2006. Protective effect of dietary curcumin and capsaicin on induced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, iron-induced hepatotoxicity and carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. FEBS Journal, 273 4528-4537. 

To study the effects of iron overloading on inflammatory cells, Muntane et al. [186] investigated the effect of iron dcxtran administration on the acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced glanuloma. It was found that iron dcxtran increased the iron content in plasma and stores, and enhanced lipid peroxidation and superoxide production by inflammatory cells. At the same time, iron dcxtran had a beneficial effect on recovery from the anemia of inflammation. It has been suggested that iron overload may affect nitric oxide production in animals. For example, alveolar macrophages from iron-overloaded rats stimulated with LPS or interferon-7 diminished NO release compared to normal rats [187]. 

L-701,324 has been shown to reverse the inflammation-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in rats without affecting the accompanying carrageenan-induced paw edema (Laird et al., 1996). 

Primary screening data correlated with the in vivo results. Four selected hits, when tested on a carrageenan induced rat paw edema model of acute inflammation and were bioavailable and pharmacologically active, reducing swelling of the paw (data not shown here). The efficacies of the extracts were measured by calculating the reduction in swelling as compared to the vehicle-treated control. Aspirin was used as a positive control for anti-inflammatory activity. These observations validated the potential use of the hits discovered in the RT-PCR assay for the in vivo anti-inflammatory applications. 

The in vivo assays for the Cox-2 inhibitors are essentially those used historically for NSAIDs to evaluate both their desired effects on inflammation, pain, and fever and their undesired effects, mainly on GI lesions. The primary in vivo assay for anti-inflammatory efficacy is the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay, and 51 Cr fecal excretion is used to test for damage to the intestinal mucosa in rats and in squirrel monkeys. Additional tests for efficacy are the endotoxin-induced pyresis in rats and squirrel monkeys for control of fever and the carrageenan-induced rat paw hyperalgesia assay for analgesic efficacy. These in vivo assays have been described (Chan et al., 1995 Chan et al., 1997). The rat... 

Curcuminoids and other constituents of turmeric are well known for their antiinflammatory activity. Turmeric extract, volatile oils from turmeric and curcuminoids were reported to possess this property in different experimental models of inflammation in mice, rats, rabbits and pigeons (Arora et ah, 1971 Ghatak and Basu, 1972 Chandra and Gupta, 1972). Thus, curcuminoids are effective against carrageenan-induced oedema in rats (Srivastava et al.,... 

Two commonly used models to detect anti-inflammatory activity are carrageenan-induced paw edema and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. The former represents an acute and the latter a chronic inflammatory process. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents inhibit the formation of carrageenan-induced paw edema. However, to detect activity in the developing and established phases of chronic inflammation, the polyarthritis model is well accepted. In both tests the measured endpoint is volume of the hind paw. This is done by immersing the hind paw in the well of a mercury displacement... 

Manni L, Lundeberg T, Tirassa P, Aloe L. Role of cholecystokinin-8 in nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor in mRNA expression in carrageenan-induced joint inflammation in adult rats. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002 41(7) 787-792. 

The leaves of M. oleifera, as well as the flowers, roots, gums, fruits and seeds are extensively used for treating inflammations (49). Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of various tissues of M. oleifera have been reported (37). Ethanol and hexane fractions of M. oleifera have stronger antiinflammatory activities. Grade M. oleifera ethanol extract of dried seeds inhibits the carrageenan-induced iirflammation in the hind paw of mice by 85% at a... 

A number of in vivo pharmacological studies reported that amino acid substitution in position 6 of 14-O-methyloxymorphone (48) afforded derivatives 55-60 that produce potent antinociceptive actions via peripheral mechanisms after s.c. administration in different pain models such as acute nociception i.e. tail-flick test [68], inflammatory pain i.e. formalin test [68] and carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation [75] and visceral pain i.e. acetic acid-induced writhing test [93]. In the tail-flick test in the rat, the 6-amino acid derivatives were 19- to 209-fold more potent than morphine (Table 7) and showed similar potency to fentanyl after s.c... 

Bileviciute-Ljungar I, Spetea M, Guo Y, Schiitz J, Windisch P, Schmidhammer H (2006) Peripherally mediated antinociception of the p-opioid receptor agonist 2-[(4, 5a-epoxy-3-hydroxy- l4 S-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6[l-yl)amino]acetic acid (HS-731) after subcutaneous and oral administration in rats with carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation. 

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