Croton seed

Croton cascarilloides Raeushel C. tiglium L. a Dou (Croton) (seed) Croton resin, phorbol, crotonic acid, crotin, crotonoside.33-144 This herb is very toxic. Purgative, wound healing properties. 

This toxic protein is contained in caster seeds but does not pass into the oil. Similar phytotoxins occur in croton seeds (Crotin) jequirity seeds (Abrin) the bark of the locust tree, Robinia pseudo-acacia (Robin) and in the seeds of some leguminous plants (Phasin). The last is but weakly toxic. Ricin is responsible for the toxic effects on eating castor seeds 5 or 6 of these are fatal to a child, 20 to adults, and 3 or 4 seeds may cause violent gastroenteritis with nausea, headache, persistent vomiting, colic, sometimes bloody diarrhea, thirst, emaciation, and great debility. The symptoms usually do not set in until after several days. More severe intoxications cause small frequent pulse, cold sweat, icterus, and convulsions. Death occurs in 6 to 8 d, from the convulsions or from exhaustion. The fatality rate is about 6%. This low fatality rate is due to the destruction of the poison in the alimentary canal. The treatment would be evacuant and symptomatic. Usually, 3 to 10 d are required to complete recovery. 

Crotonic acid was discovered in croton seeds by Pelletier and Caventou by saponifying the oil, adding tartaric acid, and distilling, but was more definitely characterised by T. Schlippe. Crotonitrile C4H5N, present in crude mustard oil, yields on hydrolysis with alcoholic potash crotonic acid C4He02, and crotonitrile is formed from allyl iodide and potassium cyanide hence the acid was formulated CH2 = CH-CH2 C02H. An isomeric acid was discovered by A. Geuther in the form of an acid chloride in the products of the action of phosphorus pentachloride on acetoacetic ester. 

Sanqi total saponins and those from the rootlets all exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activities in several experimental models, with rootlet saponins (100 mg) stronger than cortisone (50 mg) in the ear edema (1.74 0.41 vs. 5.54 0.83 mg control 9.35 0.72 mg) induced by croton seed oil in mice. Oral administration of sanqi powder to rats markedly reduced lipid peroxide formation and greatly increased superoxide dismutase... 

Decoction (15-30%) has exhibited antifungal activities against dermatophytes in vitro (jiANGsu). Fat- and water-soluble extractives reduced inflammation (croton seed oil induced otitis in mice) by 75.3% and 72.9%, respectively water extract also active against experimental edema (egg white induced). ... 

Croton oil is an extract of the seed of the plant Croton tiglium and has been commercially prepared as Croton resin since 1932. Its activity on the skin is related to free hydroxyl groups, which cause skin vesiculation even in low doses. 

Aliphatic compounds Several water-soluble simple organic acids and alcohols are cannon plant and soil constituents. They include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and butanol (40), and crotonic, oxalic, formic, butyric, lactic, acetic and succinic acids (41, 42), all of which inhibit seed germination or plant growth. Under aerobic conditions, however, aliphalic acids are metabolized in the soil and therefore, should not be considered a major source of allelopathic activity (40). 

Long-chain ester derivatives of phorbol, a tetracyclic diterpene from the seed oil of Croton tiglium L., including its most abundant representative, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (65), are potent activators of protein kinase G (PKG) and are used as standard tumor promoters for the study of experimental carcinogenesis in animal models." ... 

OIL Grape-seed—Cotton-seed—Croton—Animal Oils. ... 

Horsfall (2) introduced chloranil for legume seed treatment in the late thirties. It sold for about 1.50 per pound. In 1943 Dimond et al (3) introduced the ethylenebisdithiocarbamates. These have gone on to dominate the fungicide market for agricultural crops. In 1943, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone appeared in 1947, 2-heDtadecyl-2-imidazoline in 1949, 6-(l-methylheptyl)-2,4-dinitrophenyl crotonate in 1952, N-trichloromethyl thio-4-cyclohexene-l,2-dicar-boximide (captan). 

Cozymase, I, 213 IV, 103 Cress seed mucilage, IV, 270 Crotonaldehyde, phytochemical reduction of, IV 91 Crotonbetaine, IV, 107 Crotonic acid, cellulose ester, I, 319 Crotonic acid, polymer, produced by certain bacilli, IV, 117 Crotonic acid, reduction by microorganisms, IV, 108 Crotyl alcohol, IV, 91 phytochemical reduction of, IV, 92,106 Crystalbumin. See Albumin. 

Maleate Surfmers were found to outperform methacrylic and crotonic compounds in the copolymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate and acrylic acid in seeded and nonseeded semicontinuous processes [17]. The maleate Surfmer achieved high conversion without homopolymerization in the aqueous phase which can result in emulsion instability. The methacrylate Surfmer was too reactive as opposed to the crotonate which was not sufficiently reactive. The reported dependence of the maleate Surfmer conversion on the particle diameter is consistent with a reaction at the particle surface. 

Ricin was found by Stillmark in 1889 as the first plant lectin derived from the seeds of the castor plant, Ricinus communis L., a member of the Euphorbiaceae or spurge family. Other members of this family include the popular houseplants poinsettia E. pulcherrima), and the croton species. The term castor bean is used commonly to refer to both the plant and seed of R. communis. Ricinus communis commonly grows along streams and riverbeds in addition to subtropical locations high in nutrients. Ricinus communis is a coarse perennial, 10-13 m tall in the tropics, with a stem 7.5-15 cm... 

Phorbol (14) was isolated from the oil of Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae) seeds " ". The presence of a system containing both the cyclopropanol and the cyclopropylcarbinol functionalities at the C/D ring moiety is quite unusual. Various fatty acid esters of phorbol have been shown to be the active components responsible for the co-carcinogenic activity of croton oil. Esterification usually occurs at C(11) and C(12) with a pair of long chain and short chain fatty acids, as in the potent co-carcinogenic tetradecyl phorbol acetate (TPA). 

Phorbol esters were first detected in oil prepared from seeds of Croton tiglium, and are the most widely studied skin tumor promoters however, many other chemical compounds have been shown to possess skin tumor-promoting properties, for example, phenobarbitol, DDT, and the peroxisomal prolifera-tors. Within a few hours after application of a single effective dose of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (also known as TPA and 12-O-tetradecanoyTphor-boTl3-acetate, CAS 16561-29-8) to mouse skin, localized edema and erythema characteristic of inflammation and irritation are evident, and within 24 h there is leukocytic infiltration of the dermis. Within 1 or 2 days after a single promoter treatment, stimulation of mitotic activity in the basal cell layer of the epidermis is evident and continues for several days. This results in an increased number of... 

Derivation By expression from the seeds of Croton tiglium. 

Croton oil is extracted from the seeds of the shrub Croton tiglium (Figure 25.13), of the family Euphorbiaceae. In the past, these seeds were also called Moluccas seeds, Tilly seeds or small Indian pine nuts. 

From seeds of Croton tiglium a West-Indian plant. Symptoms and signs pain in abdomen, purging, vomiting. Death uncommon. 

Croton oil A viscid, acrid, yellow to brown fixed oil. obtained from the seeds of Croton tigllum, a small East Indian tree. It is a drastic cathartic, a vesicant and a oustulant. 

A subcutaneous dorsal pouch is produced in the rat by the injection of 25 ml. of air into this space is injected 0-5-1 ml. of 1 per cent croton oil in cotton-seed or similar oil. Over the following days a haemorrhagic exudate accumulates in the pouch, the wall of which becomes thickened and granulomatous. To increase the exudation of fluid into the cavity the air may be withdrawn 48 hours after the formation of the pouch. The animals are killed... 

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