Economic factors cost containment

Further chapters cover in detail the characteristics and applications of galvanic anodes and of cathodic protection rectifiers, including specialized instruments for stray current protection and impressed current anodes. The fields of application discussed are buried pipelines storage tanks tank farms telephone, power and gas-pressurized cables ships harbor installations and the internal protection of water tanks and industrial plants. A separate chapter deals with the problems of high-tension effects on pipelines and cables. A study of costs and economic factors concludes the discussion. The appendix contains those tables and mathematical derivations which appeared appropriate for practical purposes and for rounding off the subject. 

Availability and cost of oil are important economic factors. Even the best performing frying oil is not beneficial to the business if it is not available in sufficient quantities. The cost of oil is extremely critical for the industry. Most fried snack foods contain 20-40% oil. Therefore, the snack food company has to minimize the delivered cost of oil at the plant. Sometimes, the procurement department purchases oil from a supplier that does not have good control over their operation. This ends up costing money and goodwill for the snack food company in the long run. 

This technique is applicable to all amine-containing scrubber liquors from core-making exhaust. The implementation is limited by economic factors (e.g. transport costs), since sufficient quantities of amine scrubber liquid need to be available. In general, the treatment is applied in a centralised location, treating the effluents of several foimdries. Since the operation is subject to an explosion hazard, any necessary measures to prevent explosion risks should be taken. 

Factors that enter into any economic analysis of handhng-warehousing systems are (1) expected mechanical and economic life of the system (2) annual maintenance cost (3) capital requirements and expected return on investment (4) building-construction cost and land v ue (5) detailed analysis of each work position (to determine trade-offs of labor and equipment expected future costs and availability of labor are important) (6) relation of system control and personnel used in system (trade-offs of people versus mechanical control) (7) type of information system (computerized or manual) and (8) expected changed in product, container, unit pallet loads, and customer preferences during the life of the system. 

The downtime, cleaning, and maintenance costs are a sizable factor in the economics of producing a field prone to asphaltene deposition. Considering the trend of the oil industry towards deeper reservoirs, heavier and as a result asphaltic crudes, and the increased utilization of miscible gas injection techniques for recovering oil, the role of asphaltene deposition in the economic development of asphaltene containing oil discoveries will be important and crucial. 

The number of rare earth-containing minerals is amazingly high. Some 160 of them are tabulated in the Nouveau Traiti de Chimie Minirale [21]. However, in the production of rare earths from their minerals the following factors must be considered for economical reasons a) the concentration of the rare earths in a particular mineral b) the ease with which the mineral can be processed and the cost of processing c) the geographical location of the mineral deposite. The effort necessary to process rare earth minerals other than monazite has hardly been justifiable. 

The economic barrier to the use of rubber in pavements is the high initial cost to the highway departments. It is difficult to obtain good data on the capital investment necessary to convert an asphalt operation to add rubber. But the consensus from the ARPG and several other sources is that the installation of rubber asphalt pavements will cost about 2 times as much as standard asphalt. Although the test results for asphalt pavements containing rubber are not yet complete, in many cases a factor of 2 or more in pavement lifetime is achieved. Therefore, if transportation departments evaluate costs over the life of the roads, the overall costs may be the same or less for rubber asphalt. The ARPG claims that rubberized asphalt roads cost less on a life-cycle basis. 

They may be a source of structures for screening. They may possess activity that is applicable to pest control directly or after structural modification of the original structure. Finally, the recognition of their function in nature may suggest new approaches to pest control. However, their practical application may be limited by economics. Resistant plants are important in managing insect pests and their resistance may arise from many factors. Some plants contain insecticidal principles that may be exploited. Compounds that modify Insect behaviour are not directly lethal, but may be valuable in pest control. However, their efficacy may be difficult and costly to determine. 

The capital investment for any FBC plant depends upon several factors, including the cost of capital, size of unit, geographic location, and coal type. EPRI has completed several economic evaluations and projects the following costs, in 1994 US dollars, for plants located in Kenosha, Wisconsin, burning Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal contain-ing 4 percent sulfur 200-MWe circulating AFBC, 1520/kW 350-MWe bubbling PFBC, 1220/kW 350-MWe circulating PFBC, 1040/kW 320-MWe advanced PFBC, 1110/kW. The advanced PFBC has the most potential for cost reduction, and capital investment could be reduced to below 1000/kW. 

The factors numbered three to six can be reduced to economic considerations. Ultimately, the heat-transfer fluid selected will depend on the total cost, both capital and operating costs. For example, if a heat-transfer fluid meets the first two requirements, but it is more toxic than other possibilities, then the heat-transfer system will have to contain extra safety features, increasing its cost. The heat-transfer fluid will then need to have other compensating features to reduce the cost of transferring heat. 

As with any chemical facility, process economics and transportation costs are critical factors in determining whether gasification syngas and the recovery of byproducts will be profitable. Environmental factors such as the existence of proven technology for the recovery of SO,., particulates, and mercury has made gasification attractive. When coal is nsed as a feedstock at Eastman Chemical, for instance, over 90% of the mercury contained in the coal is rontinely collected. ... 

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