Filters, cost

The cost of the filter station includes not only the installed cost of the filter itself but also that of all the accessories dedicated to the filtration operation. Examples are feed pumps and storage facihties, precoat tanks, vacuum systems (often a major cost factor for a vacuum filter station), and compressed-air systems. The dehvered cost of the accessories plus the cost of installation of filter and accessories generally is of the same order of magnitude as the dehvered filter cost and commonly is several times as large. Installation costs, of course, must be estimated with reference to local labor costs and site-specific considerations. 

Slurry Reactors with Mechanical Agitation The catalyst may be retained in the vessel or it may flow out with the fluid and be separated from the fluid downstream. In comparison with trickle beds, high heat transfer is feasible, and the residence time can be made veiy great. Pressure drop is due to sparger friction and hydrostatic head. Filtering cost is a major item. 

Over one year (8760 hours), a 1 mVs filter with an average pressure loss of 100 Pa requires 1250 kW h if the fan s efficiency is set at 70%. The energy cost is generally greater than the filter cost, and pressure loss reduction be-... 

LCO analyses provide an excellent tool for minimizing the filter costs of a plant. As in the case of LCA, the operation and low pressure loss are absolutely decisive as regards the costs of the filter function. 

Advantages Simplified regimen for patient Increased patient compliance at home Decreased labor Decreased costs Decreased risk of contamination (due to less manipulation) Minimize infusion-related reactions from intravenous lipid emulsions Decreased vein irritation (especially with PPN) Improved stability compared to TNA Increased number of compatible medications Decreased bacterial growth compared to TNA Easier visual inspection Can use 0.22-micron bacterial retention filter Cost savings if unused (i.e. not spiked) intravenous lipid emulsion can be reused... 

Long maintenance-free life of up to one year, five years when used with prefilters. Replacement filter costs between UStfiD to USt 100... 

Information on capital and operating cost for various biofilter systems installed in Germany and The Netherlands has been reported. These data suggest total operating costs of approximately 1.50 per 100,000 ft of off-gas, depending on the size of the filter. Cost figures obtained from systems installed in the United States of 0.30 to 0.60 per standard cubic feet do not include the replacement of the filter material and also reflect the generally lower cost of electricity in the United States. 

A simple rotary-filter system consists of a rotary filter and auxiliary equipment such as a cort ressor, a filtrate receiver, a filtrate pump, a vacuum punp, and a separator-silencer, as shown in Figure 6.10. Auxiliary equipment usually runs 25 to 40% of the filter cost [25]. When solids deposit on the drum, air and filtrate are drawn into the filtrate receiver, which is a gas-liquid separator. After... 

The selection of a semimicro funnel for filtration with suction is a matter of cost. The Buchner funnel shown in Figure 2 costs about 75 cents. The perforated disc which when fitted into an ordinary funnel gives an efficient suction filter costs about 20 cents. The filter tube, which is made in the laboratory by the student, costs the same as the test tube. The funnel with the removable perforated disc is preferred it has been found as useful... 

Filter peel Drever(1973) Aqueous clay slurry is filtered thjough 0.45 Atm filter and transferred to a glass slide Best combination of speed, preferred orientation, and minimal size segregation Requires special filtering apparatus and filter costly filters moderately skill-imensive... 

Increases of the rubber belt width leads to increased belt cost, which can be 22-40% of the overall cost of the filter. Cost considerations, and the need to find a replacement for... 

Similarly, Rajagopal etal. (1988) found a stronger optimal dominant crystal size for a potash plant, which depended on a trade-off between the crystallizer cost and the filter cost (Figure 9.8). 

Filter cost generally increases with increasing size and inaeasing ratio, with size having more effect. Since suction and pressure line filters must handle higher pressure flows, these installations may require larger, more expensive filters. Return line and bypass filters, on the other hand, operate at lower pressure and are usually less expensive. 

A single-stage system using a low or medium efficiency filter has the lowest capital cost but, as stated, will not filter very fine contaminants. A multi-stage system will filter virtually all atmospheric pollution but at higher capital investment. The filter cost itself will be low, because the cheaper primary filters prolong the life of, and protect, the more expensive filters. 

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