Cost factors energy

In addition to the development of new products with previously unavailable property combinations, the task of making the process more efficient is important, particularly in this day and age. The cost factor energy can still be reduced if, for example, the heat of polymerization can be better utilized. It has been suggested that heat pumps be used for this purpose and the energy recovered be employed for the devolatilization step (38). In the same paper the author also suggests the integration in one factory of the monomer/polymer and end product fabrication, the latter since the polymer is already available in the molten state. 

Make a list of all the costs associated with running a wet scrubbing operation to remove particulates and SO,. What cost factors could be eliminated or reduced if a pollution prevention technology or practice that used about the same energy and manpower requirements was applied. 

Ethylene trucks are expensive to build and operate. The fuel, the ethylene loss, and the energy necessary to liquefy the ethylene are costly factors. So most transport of ethylene is by pipeline. Although the operating costs of a pipeline are low, the initial construction costs are high. Pipeline transport, like most other aspects of ethylene, is capital intensive. For this reason, most consumers of ethylene are located in proximity to the producers of ethylene. 

The use of energy from warm tunnel waters is most advantageous in the immediate vicinity of the tunnel portals, because long transport/distri-bution piping is a major cost factor. Therefore, the installed heating systems are all situated at the tunnel portals. In addition to five systems where warm tunnel waters are exploited, there exists also one installation (Grand St Bernhard), where the heat content of warm tunnel air has been utilized since 1999 (for locations, see Fig. 7). 

In Scotland, the cost of domestic mains electricity is 0.0713/kWh (in 1997). A D-size Leclanchd cell, delivering say 5 Wh, currently retails at 0.50. Thus, energy from the primary battery costs I00/kWh - a factor of over 1000 more expensive. For a 150 mWh zinc-silver oxide button cell, retailing at 1.50, the cost of energy is over 10 000/kWh ... 

The fixed operating costs are those that do not change with production level. The most important is the cost of operating, maintenance and service labour, plus its management, but also included are such items as insurances of all kinds, local taxes, waste disposal (which may be a fixed cost rather than a running cost) and energy tax (carbon levy). Apart from labour, the cost of which is based upon the nature of the plant (its complexity, its level of automation), these other fixed costs are usually obtained by factoring from the plant s capital cost. 

Overall Evaluation. From the point of view of economic optimization the cost of energy and resource are but one of the important factors. The operating cost is estimated based on the exergy consumption, fl, multiplied by the unit cost of exergy (lO). The unit cost of exergy is a macroscopic index which shows the energy situation at the time. Since the annual investment cost has been used to measure resource conservation in this paper, the annual total cost is represented as follows,... 

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