Manpower requirements

Before an economic balance can be completed, the number of men required to operate the plant must be estimated. A list of some of the types of employees is given in Table 8-10. Note that these categories include only those people involved directly in production and maintenance, and not purely administrative, research, and sales personnel. The number of salaried personnel varies with the size and complexity of the plant and can range from three or four to many times that number. Some plants are run at night and on weekends entirely by foremen, with the superintendent and engineers on 24-hour call to handle emergencies. 

To determine the number of hourly personnel, the process engineer must decide what tasks must be performed and how maw people each task will require per shift Some petroleum refineries processing over 200,000 bbl/day require less than 6 operators per shift. A plant that is nearly completely automated may require essentially no one however, for safety reasons two persons will be employed. Two 

Salaried Employees Hourly Employees Maintenance Personnel 

Nurse Groundskeepers Receiving and product shipping personnel Secretaries Instrument technicians Helpers for the above Supplymen 

When operators are used around the clock, at least 4 men are needed for each post and an extra man is often required as a substitute for vacation periods, sickness, and other absences. This extra person may be used as a substitute for more than one position. 

---

Operations Maintenance Engineering Operating costs - maintenance - workover - manpower requirements... 

The capital cost estimates are generated by the Engineering function, often based on 50/50 estimates (equal probability of cost overrun and underrun). It is recommended that the operating expenditure is estimated based on the specific activities estimated during the field lifetime (e.g. number of workovers, number of replacement items, cost of forecast manpower requirements). In the absence of this detail it is common, though often inaccurate, to assume that the opex will be composed of two elements fixed opex and variable opex. 

Make a list of all the costs associated with running a wet scrubbing operation to remove particulates and SO,. What cost factors could be eliminated or reduced if a pollution prevention technology or practice that used about the same energy and manpower requirements was applied. 

Near peak manpower requirements tvill be needed from 30 to 50 percent of the total time schedule, unless other factors influence the timing. 

Figure 1-35. Process engineering manpower requirements by project and by months from start. By permission, E. E. Ludwig [7], Influences...

Like broadband analysis, narrowband analysis also monitors the overall energy, but for a user-selected band of frequency components. The ability to select specific groups of frequencies, or narrowbands, increases the usefulness of the data. Using this technique can drastically reduce the manpower required to monitor machine-trains and improve the accuracy of detecting incipient problems. 

The automatic functions provided by most of the new systems have greatly reduced the time and manpower required to monitor critical plant equipment. These functions have virtually eliminated both the human errors and the setup time normally associated with older vibrationmonitoring techniques. 

The data logger or microprocessor selected by your predictive maintenance program is critical to the success of the program. There is a wide variety of systems on the market that range from handheld overall value meters to advanced analyzers that can provide an almost unlimited amount of data. The key selection parameters for a data acquisition instrument should include the expertise required to operate, accuracy of data, type of data, and manpower required to meet the program demands. 

Publications of the Environmental Protection Agency Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirement for Conventional Wustewater Treatment Facilities,... 

Assume each activity in Table 13-P6 begins at its earliest starting time, and determine the critical path and the minimum and maximum manpower needs. Then manipulate the activities to minimize the variance in manpower requirements, assuming the project is to be completed in the shortest possible time. 

Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirements for Conventional Wastewater Treatment Facilities, 17090 DAN 10/71, Oct. 1971. 

TASK d estimate the manpower required and develop a staffing plan. The manpower required to conduct a PrHA depends on many factors, including the review method selected, the training and experience of the review team, the extent and complexity of the process, its instrumentation and controls, and whether the process is a procedure-oriented operation (such as a batch reaction) or a continuous operation (such as petroleum refining). 

Based on the analysis methods selected in Task C, the status of existing PrHAs, and the time requirements for the methods reviewed in Sections 4.1 to 4.6, the manpower requirements for PrHAs, and reviews and updates, can be estimated. Comparing these requirements with available personnel indicates where additional staffing may be needed, either on a temporary or longer-term basis. 

This development has provided a safe, clean and efficient method for processing UP munitions (30% reduction in manpower requirements and a 90% reduction in air and water pollution). The system is an extremely accurate production filling method. This accuracy is very important in UP operations since any adjustment in munition volume is hazardous and inefficient. The line changeover from one munition to another is accomplished by two experienced men in one day. 

Pilot and laboratory studies are generally performed to control the conditions of the different factors that have an impact on the processes. The advantage of a pilot study compared with a laboratory experiment is the scale that is closer to the real system. Such scale factors may, e.g., be a more realistic vol-ume-to-area ratio and a more correct flow regime. Drawbacks include the high demands for resources and high manpower requirement for manufacturing and... 

Automation and control of processing equipment by highly sophisticated computer control systems is becoming the standard at most hydrocarbon facilities. Automatic control provides for closer control of the process operating conditions and therefore increased efficiencies. Increased efficiencies allow higher production outputs. Automation is also thought to reduce operator manpower requirements. However other personnel are still needed to inspect and maintain the automatic controlling system. All process control systems should be monitored by operators and have the capability for backup control or override commands by human operators. 

The concept of Odour Potential has already shown its usefulness in assessing the right time to spread sludge, and incomparing various sludge stabilisation methods. These results have been achieved without the manpower requirements of an extensive site survey and without the necessity of transporting equipment for olfactometry and makes good use of people expert in odour measurement. 

Statistical Control for a New Method To implement a new method, a laboratory must produce a preliminary track record of its success so that quality control charts can be established and then maintained. Aside from acquiring the space, supplies, equipment, instrumentation, and manpower required, the method must be tested, modified, tested again, etc., until it is ready to go "online." Gillis and Callio (listed in Bibliography) recommend the following sequence for preparing an instrumental method for routine use. 

Non-dispersible concrete can be poured into a water-filled form without a tremie pipe to produce dense structural repairs. This type of material has particular advantages over conventional concrete both in terms of the quality of the repair produced and the reduction in placement cost associated with plant and diver manpower requirements. Field tests carried out on a commercially available AWA[46] show that bonding capability, pumpability and flowability around reinforcement are improved over conventional tremie-placed concrete. The quality and strengths of cores show AWA concrete to be suitable material for in situ structural concrete construction at considerable water depths [46]. 

According to the vendor, capital costs of an Ultrasorption system is about 60% of an equivalent GAC system. Operational costs and disposal of the treatment media are approximately half of those associated with GAC units. Manpower requirements are the same in both cases (D147SOM,... 

As already described, there are a variety of reasons for the manufacture of batches in the pilot plant facility. First, the batch may be manufacture as a development batch. In other words, it could be the first attempt at manufacturing a product. This type of experimental manufacturing could be the result of a design of experiments analysis. These experiments are usually carried out at very small sizes, possibly 1 kg or less. However, many of these batches could be made as part of one experiment. For these batches it is important that the equipment can easily be used for many runs in as little time as possible. It is also important that manpower requirements remain as low as possible for manufacturing these small-scale batches as well as for the cleaning the equipment. 

The reference methods usually require wet samplers. Sampling trains have been developed that allow the sampling of five or more gases simultaneously in separate bubblers. These static methods of sampling can be accomplished with a modest initial investment, but the manpower required to distribute and pick up the samples and to analyze them in the laboratory raises the total cost to a point where automated systems may be more economical for long-term studies. 

---