Sample Calculations

The purification of lysine-HCl from a fermentation broth will be used to illustrate the calculations involved in scaling-up laboratory data. 

The laboratory fermentation broth, which is similar to the commercial broth, contained 2.0 g/0.11 lysine, much smaller amounts of Ca , and other amino acids. The broth was passed through 500 ml of strong acid cation resin, Dowex HCR-S, in the NH/ form. The flow rate was 9 ml/min or 1.77 ml/min per cm of resin. It was determined that the resin capacity averaged 115 g of lysine-HCl per liter of resin. It may be noted that since the equivalent molecular weight of lysine-HCl is 109.6 g and the theoretical capacity of Dowex HCR-S is 2.0 meq/ml, the operating capacity is 52% of theoretical capacity. 

The commercial operation must be capable of producing 9,000 metric tons of lysine (as lysine-dihydrochloride-H20) per year. With a 2.0 g/0.1 1 concentration of lysine in the fermentation broth, the number of liters of broth to be treated each year are  

If the plant operates 85% of the time, the flow rate would have to be  

At a resin capacity of 115 g/1 of resin, the amount of resin that must be available is  

The following is based on an example given in Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook, which is in turn based on a calculation included in Lapple s original paper. 

Calculate the mass flow of air from a large reservoir vessel at I.IOI MPa and 20°C through 10m of horizontal, straight 2-in Schedule 40 steel pipe (inside diameter = 

We will begin by assuming that the Reynolds number will be greater than 100000, so that by equations (4.28) and (4.29), the Fanning friction factor, /, will be 0.0045. We shall check the calculated Reynolds number when the calculation of flow has been completed. 

We may treat air over the range of pressures and temperatures expected as an ideal, diatomic gas. Hence Z = 1, and y = 1.4. 

Hence the condition that the Reynolds number be greater than 100000 is easily satisfied, and we may regard our estimate of friction factor as reasonable. 

the final steps for calculating the radiation heat flux are as follows  

Determine the radiation heat flux using q = EFt on the basis of = 173 kW/m  

A massive amount of propane is instantaneously released in an open field. The cloud assumes a flat, circular shape as it spreads. When the internal fuel concentration in the cloud is about 10% by volume, the cloud s dimensions are approximately 1 m deep and 100 m in diameter. Then the cloud reaches an ignition source at its edge. Because turbulence-inducing effects are absent in this situation, blast effects are not anticipated. Therefore, thermal radiation and direct flame contact are the only hazardous effects encountered. Wind speed is 2 m/s. Relative humidity is 50%. Compute the incident heat flux as a function of time through a vertical surface at 100 m distance from the center of the cloud. 

Calculate the air-fuel mass ratio r from the stoichiometric mixture composition j, and the densities of air and fuel  

Calculate w from the actual mixture composition ), the stoichiometric mixture composition j s, and the expansion ratio for stoichiometric combustion a  

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Table 5.1 gives a sample calculation of the NHVj for toluene, starting from the molar enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products and the enthalpies of changes in state as the case requires. 

Such calculations require considerable judgment to avoid repetitive trials but are usually well worth the effort. Sample calculations are... 

See the American Institute of Chemical Engineers classifier test procedure for a sample calculation of classifier selectivity. This example is plotted in Fig. 20-14. 

Keep the control circuits energized if possible, to further save on calculations and to obtain more accurate results. In the sample calculations as shown in Table I4.4 we consider this in a de-energized condition for the sake of more clarity. 

Sample calculations for designing a 2500 A non-isolated phase aluminium busbar system 28/891... 

In our sample calculations (Example 3 1.1) we have chosen the colour of the outdoors surface as light grey and taking the vveathering effect into account, have considered the coefficient of both absorption and emission as 0.65. The manufacturer, depending on the colour and site conditions, may choose a suitable coefficient. It is, however, advisable to be conservative when deciding the temperature rise due to solar radiation to be on the safe side. 

Current rating varies with the surface area of a conduelor and its thickness (annulus). In our sample calculation, to establish the basic parameters of the conductor and the enclosure, we have considered the current density for both as 400 A/inch. ... 

Introduction Types of metal-enclosed bus systems Design parameters and service conditions for a metal enclosed bus system Short-circuit effects Service conditions Other design considerations Skin effect Proximity effect Sample calculation for designing a 2500 A non-isolaled phase aluminium busbar systern... 

Pipecalc 2.0, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. Note Pipecalc 2.0 will calculate the compressibility factor, minimum pipe ID, upstream pressure, downstream pressure, and flow rate for Panhandle A, Panhandle B, Weymouth, AGA, and Colebrook-White equations. The flow rates calculated in the above sample calculations will differ slightly from those calculated with Pipecalc 2.0 since the viscosity used in the examples was extracted from Figure 5, p. 147. Pipecalc uses the Dranchuk et al. method for calculating gas compressibility. 

Quite a few years ago, Dr. Azbel and I analyzed the operational requirements for these machines and developed some design formulae. You can find this analysis on pages 646 through 665 in Fluid Mechanics and Unit Operations, David S. Azbel and Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1983. There are some sample calculations and sizing criteria that you can follow for some practical exercises in this publication. 

The outcome of a vapor cloud explosion hazard assessment can depend greatly on the method chosen, as demonstrated in this subsection with sample calculations. 

Sample Calculated Dual-axis rotation, sequential counting Dual-axis rotation, simultaneous counting Single-axis rotation, sequential counting ... 

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