Economic dependence

The decision on whether cathodic protection with impressed current or with magnesium anodes is more economical depends on the protection current requirement and the soil resistivity. This estimate only indicates the basic influence of the different variables. In the individual case, installation costs can vary widely so that a specific cost calculation is necessary for every project. 

G. A. White We have looked at a case consisting of a Koppers-Totzek gas, at essentially atmospheric pressure, in combination with the COED liquefaction process. We considered the residue gas that came from gasification at atmospheric pressure, methanated it at atmospheric pressure, and took out C02 at atmospheric pressure before compression. That was the minimum cost for our system. It is obvious that each system will have some difference in economics, depending on what you can achieve by methanation. 

No, of course, I don t agree with it. Patterson insisted, If their income, their economic dependency involve the interests of lead-using industries, then their viewpoints are oriented this way. ... 

Two routes are feasible for the industrial synthesis of dinitrogen pentoxide and both are economically dependent on the cost of electricity. The reaction of dinitrogen tetroxide with ozone (Equation 9.3) was initially reported by Guye and latter by Harris and co-workers. This was later exploited and developed into an industrially useful process by chemists at the Defence and Evaluation Research Agency (DERA) in the It is mainly due to the... 

CO is derived from a variety of feedstocks such as petroleum gas, fuel oil, coal, and biomass. The industrial scale production of PO starts from propylene, which is mainly obtained from crude oil. However, due to the high importance of this compound, many pathways from renewable sources have additionally been developed [54]. PP is converted to PO by either hydrochlorination or oxidation [55]. The use of chlorine leads to large amounts of salts as by-products, therefore oxidation methods are more important, such as the co-oxidation of PP using ethylbenzene or isobutene in the presence of air and a catalyst. However, this process is economically dependent on the market share of these by-products, thus new procedures without significant amounts of other side-products have been developed, such as the HPPO (hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide) process in which propylene is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to give PO and water [56, 57] (Fig. 14). 

Recovery economics depend upon the characteristics of the filter cake, sludge generation rates, and present disposal costs. Small generators will best be served by central recovery plants. Larger generators will find it more economical to install their own recovery systems. 

Farm economy Mainly subsistence based Still subsistence based with a small fraction of farmers engaging in commercial farming especially in the production of wheat, pyrethrum and tea. Economic dependency on credits on a steady increase escalating prices of the external inputs Subsistence based with a number of farmers engaged in market oriented production of crops such as tea, wheat, pyrethrum and also maize for market increasing Poverty, income by farm products limited as well as additional income (charcoal) - Due to poor market prices for farmers produce both locally and in the international markets... 

A 1500 psig steam system recovers reformer heat at the highest grade economical, depending upon the cost of fuel. 

Economics Capital costs and economics depend on feed composition as well as the desired increase in ethylene and propylene production in the steam cracker. 

Economics Depending on heat exchange options included within the design, the raw material and utility consumptions per metric ton of... 

Mexico, the leading silver producer, obtains about half of its output from mines in which silver is the principal ore metal. Many of the mines are epithermal fissure veins, and most host a polymetallic assemblage whose exploitation is economically dependent on the high silver values. Although acanthite [Ag2S] and native silver predominate in some veins, in others much of the silver occurs in silver sulfosalts and as silver substitutions in tetrahedrite [(Cu,Fe,Ag)i2Sb4Si3] and other minerals. 

Process economics depends on the economics of CI2, on the alkaline hydrolysis, and use or sale of the by-products. 

The intermediate cyclohexane is a nylon intermediate. Economics depends on raw materials and selling price of cyclohexanone. 

Yield, productivity, eluent consumption and purity are clear defined objective functions, while total separation cost and other objective functions related to economics depend on the individual company and are based on site-related parameters. Therefore, the calculation of total separation cost is complex due to various influencing parameters and cost structures. This chapter proposes the following cost functions, which can be easily adapted to specific conditions ... 

Please note that batch and SMB chromatography are compared here regarding the productivity and eluent consumption and not regarding the total separation cost. This is because productivity, eluent consumption, yield and purity are clearly defined functions, while the total separation cost and other objective functions related to economics depend on the individual company. Therefore, the magnitude of economic benefits in the application of SMB in comparison to batch chromatography depends on the applied cost structure. Jupke et al. (2002) have provided a detailed comparison between batch and SMB chromatography regarding the total separation cost. 

Medium solids (1-10%) Ijy volume Can adequately handle economics depends on flux Not well suited Can handle adequately Can handle adequately and economically and economically ... 

For my first presentation made here in 1991 (HECQ, W., 1991), I began by recalling the role of the Rome Club Report, United Nations Conference in Stockholm, oil shocks which had revealed the dangers threatening western economies, i.e. pollution, natural resources depletion and a strong economic dependence on imported oil. 

Petrochemical economics depend strongly upon the feedstock valuation. This is especially true since the petrochemical industry is, in general, capital intensive and the cost of raw material is extremely important in the final manufacturing cost. 

These finding s demonstrate the immense economic dependence of psychiatrists on institutional employment. In other Western countries, where economic opportunities and social demands for private psychiatric services are much less than in the United States, the proportion of psychiatrists working in mental and other institutions is even greater. In Britain, for example, only 4.5 percent of the psychiatrists spend more than half their working time in private practice 69 percent are employed on a full-time basis in the National Health Service and 77 percent spend at least part of their time engaged in the treatment of hospital inpatients (as against 51 percent of American psychiatrists). In communist countries, all psychiatry is, of course. Institutional Psychiatry. 

The country s economic dependence on oil means that its price determines the standard of living. For example, when the price of oil is high, as it was in 1981, per capita income was 28 600. When oil prices plummeted in subsequent years, so did per capita income, to less than 7000 in 2001 (Baer 2003). Saudi Arabia s rapid population growth of 2.4% per year compared to the United States rate of less than 1% (CIA 2004) also lowers the average standard of living. 

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