Treatment route

As for enviromnental aspects, in the last years many LCAs have been performed that aimed to compare the different recycling and treatment routes for plastics packaging waste. They often include cost calculations for the whole waste management chain. Examples include ... 

Table 5 is based on the TNO study Chemical recycling of plastics waste (a.l). It gives a tentative comparison of the costs of the different treatment routes. 

There are many circumstances when a single-dose intravenous (IV) study can provide useful information for example, if the intended treatment route is intraper-itoneal (i.p.), or if the product will be administered to an open wound or injected into a muscle or a tumor, it might accidentally enter a blood vessel, and the knowledge gained from an IV study would be of value as well as one by the clinical route. Hence, if the intended clinical route is not IV, the absence of an additional study with IV dosing would require specific justification. 

The treatment route is chosen according to the intended route for the clinical use of the pharmaceutical or the main anticipated route of human exposure for chemicals. 

However, it must be stated that the reaction pathways are different during the various treatment routes. This fact manifests itself in the different number and types of intermediate oxidation products that have been identified with identical substrates during different AOPs (cf Rajeshwar, 1996). Further, the optimum conditions for a specific photo-initiated AOP treatment depend mainly on the nature of the waste or model water. For instance, H2O2-O3 treatment (without irradiation) can have advantages in the treatment of waters with high inherent UV ab-... 

Historically, steroids and ACTH have been used in the treatment of MS relapses. While both suppress cell mediated and humoral immune responses, the major effect in MS acute relapse is to suppress inflammation. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (Brusaferri and Candelise, 2000) indicates that any type of steroid or ACTH treatment significantly accelerates short-term recovery from an acute MS relapse. However, there is no evidence that steroids reduce the risk of an MS relapse. A randomized trial of oral versus intravenous (IV) methyl prednisolone for treatment of acute relapses of MS shows no clear advantage of either treatment route (Barnes et al., 1997). Currently methyl precbisolone is considered standard of care for acute MS relapses. Methyl precbisolone (Solu-Medrol) is used with IV treatment for 3-5 days at 500-1000 mg/day. Methyl prednisolone IV therapy may be followed by a oral prednisone taper. The use of low dose oral precbisolone is also effective in conjunction with INFp therapies when flu-like side effects persist. 

Treatment route Dose(gg/mouse) Mean S.D. (Range)... 

In our studies to date, the compounds in which oral and dermal studies were done have shown qualitative similarities in urine metabolic patterns. This was noted in the methyl ethyl aniline, CGA-73102, methidathion and atrazine studies discussed in this paper. Thus, based upon our experience, there is no reason to believe that major metabolic differences occur due to oral vs. dermal treatment routes. As noted by Pannatier et al ( ), specific examples of skin metabolism are scarce, except for steroid hormones. 

FIGURE 12 Preparation pathways. Route I hydrothermal crystallization route II combination of precipitation and thermal treatment route III solid-state transformation. 

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