Control measures, development

Inform and train all employees on the hazards and risks from the substances with which they work and the use of control measures developed to minimize the risks. 

Maintenance of conditions ia the culture environment that keep stress to a minimum is one of the best methods of a voiding diseases. Vacciaes have beea developed agaiast several diseases and more are under development. Selective breeding of animals with disease resistance has met with only limited success. Good sanitation and disiafection of contaminated faciUties are important avoidance and control measure. Some disiafectants are Hsted ia Table 6. Poad soils can be sterilized with burnt lime (CaO), hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2], or chlorine compounds (12). 

Specialized equipment for industrial measurements and automatic control have been developed (18) (see Process control). In general, the pH of an industrial process need not be controlled with great accuracy. Consequendy, frequent standardization of the cell assembly may be uimecessary. On the other hand, the ambient conditions, eg, temperature and humidity, under which the industrial control measurements are made, may be such that the pH meter must be much more robust than those intended for laboratory use. To avoid costiy downtime for repairs, pH instmments may be constmcted of modular units, permitting rapid removal and replacement of a defective subssembly. 

Agricultural mnoff is a large contributor to etrophication in lakes and other natural bodies of water. Effective control measures have yet to be developed for this problem. Runoff of pesticides is also receiving increasing attention. 

Removal of metal chlorides from the bottoms of the Hquid-phase ethylene chlorination process has been studied (43). A detailed summary of production methods, emissions, emission controls, costs, and impacts of the control measures has been made (44). Residues from this process can also be recovered by evaporation, decomposition at high temperatures, and distillation (45). A review of the by-products produced in the different manufacturing processes has also been performed (46). Several processes have been developed to limit ethylene losses in the inerts purge from an oxychlorination reactor (47,48). 

The HASP is the model for performing work safely and, if properly designed, will help to integrate all site- and task-related hazards and control measures. Wlien working with the DOE or the Corps of Engineers there may be additional documents that should be considered when developing a plan. Make sure that you understand all site-specific needs. 

Prepare procedures controlling the development and maintenance of software used in measurement systems. 

Control measures for tlie eause of eaeh aeeident ean be developed in terms of equipment, instrumentation, and/or standard operating procedures... 

During the forties and fifties, episodes of severe air pollution occurred In a number of urban and Industrial areas. They were responsible for 111 health and In some cases caused death among the populations concerned. As the scientific and public Information base on the adverse effects of urban air pollution Increased, so did public demand for control measures. As a result, many Industrial countries Introduced comprehensive air pollution control laws at various times from the mid-fifties onwards. Industrial response to these laws led to the application of control techniques which effectively reduced the emissions of some pollutants. However there are other sources and factors which can obscure the benefits of these control actions. For example, consider urban growth. In 1980 there were 35 cities with populations over 4 million. By the year 2000 this number will nearly double to 66, and by the 2025, this number will more than double to an estimated 135 (9). In developing countries, from 1980 to the year 2000, It Is estimated that twice as many people will live In cities of a total population of 1 million or more In Latin America (101 million to 232 million) and East Asia (132 million to 262 million). Three times as many people will live In cities of 1 million or more In South Asia (106 million to 328 million) and four times as many In Africa (36 million to 155 million) (10). Accompanying this rapid growth are Increases In Industrial activity... 

Chemical treatments for bacteria control represent significant cost and environmental liability. Because the regulatory pressure on the use of toxic biocides is increasing, more environmentally acceptable control measures are being developed. 

Standard control practices developed within these limitations have taken all the various factors into consideration. Entomologists recognize the inadequacy of many of the recommended control measures. They have initiated the effort to develop new and more effective insecticides and welcomed the interest and assistance of others. The recent accelerated development of new insecticides has opened new fields and done much to stimulate public interest in insect control. Much more needs to be learned than to know that the new materials will kill insects, before their true worth can be determined. We must determine many things. Knowledge of the effect on beneficial insects, wild life, soil, and machines is important. Of greater importance is Are they safe for the operator and for those who handle and use the product ... 

Organolead compounds have been handled quite safely in industry for many years. As in the case of inorganic lead, control measures are well defined, and if they are properly applied, neither inorganic nor organic lead intoxication should develop. 

Because the TLV for toluene is 100 ppm, the worker is overexposed. Additional control measures need to be developed. On a temporary and immediate basis all employees working in this environment need to wear the appropriate respirators. 

Measures taken to control sources of larval emergence of sanitary pests are limited, and excessive treatments frequently induce the development of resistance in disease-transmitting insects. On the other hand, control measures by individuals are becoming a trend. For example, patients with malaria have decreased by the popularization of Olyset mosquito nets, which were developed by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. to deal with noctumally-active blood-sucking anopheles. 

Effect-based critical limits for soils and ground water have been derived or are under development in various countries for multiple purposes (Radojevic and Bashkin, 1999). These criteria can be used to assess the environmental quality of a site or area, to set priorities in control measures and to derive emission reduction goals. Most of the values are derived from comparable starting points such as protecting terrestrial population, water supply, food quality, and finally, animal and human health. 

Sooty mold is sometimes troublesome by causing an unsightly appearance of the fruit. The mold growth follows the feeding of mealy bugs and aphids on the inside of the fingers of the bunch of bananas and is usually not seen until the fruit is ready for sale. Economic field control measures should be developed. 

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