Industry measures

Specialized equipment for industrial measurements and automatic control have been developed (18) (see Process control). In general, the pH of an industrial process need not be controlled with great accuracy. Consequendy, frequent standardization of the cell assembly may be uimecessary. On the other hand, the ambient conditions, eg, temperature and humidity, under which the industrial control measurements are made, may be such that the pH meter must be much more robust than those intended for laboratory use. To avoid costiy downtime for repairs, pH instmments may be constmcted of modular units, permitting rapid removal and replacement of a defective subssembly. 

A number of techniques have been developed to measure melt viscosity. Some of these are listed in Table 3.8. Rotational viscometers are of varied structures. The Couette cup-and-bob viscometer consists of a stationary inner cylinder, bob, and an outer cylinder, cup, which is rotated. Shear stress is measured in terms of the required torque needed to achieve a fixed rotation rate for a specific radius differential between the radius of the bob and the cup. The Brookfield viscometer is a bob-and-cup viscometer. The Mooney viscometer, often used in the rubber industry, measures the torque needed to revolve a rotor at a specified rate. In the cone-and-plate assemblies the melt is sheared between a flat plate and a broad cone whose apex contacts the plate containing the melt. 

The regulatory process through which industry measures actual quality performance, compresses it with standards, and acts on the difference. 

High purity platinum wire is used in resistance thermometers because the temperature coefficient of resistance of pure platinum is linear over a wide temperature range. The platinum resistance thermometer is the recognized instrument for the interpolation of the international practical temperature scale from—259.35 to 630.74°C. Whereas such precision measurements require very high purity platinum, for most routine industrial measurements lower purity metal can be tolerated. Conventional wire-wound devices are quite fragile and this disadvantage has led to the introduction of printed resistance thermometers, which are cheap to produce and much more durable. They can be used as an inexpensive replacement for thermocouple applications in intermediate temperature applications. 

The processes of sample preparation should not be too onerous or slow otherwise there is little incentive to use sensors. Faced with an awkward or slow sample preparation phase for sensor use, the analyst might as well as consider whether instrumental analyses with their often higher sensitivity and specificity (and which, in any case, are regarded as the gold standard for industrial measurements), coupled with on-line sample preparation procedures, might be a more efficient and effective route to chemical information. 

Drive-through windows are a patient convenience item seen today in many pharmacies. Patients are able to purchase prescriptions and limited OTC items without having to leave their cars. Industry measurements have shown that drive-through windows are viewed by customers as an added convenience, increasing stores sales by as much as 7 percent over stores without this convenience (Laskoski, 1992) (Fig. 23-6). 

SPM is widely used as research tool and industrial measuring instrument, and has drawn attraction as nanoscale processing tool at nanometer order from the initial stage of development. The atomic operation became possible by SPM [54], and scanning probe nanolithography (SPNL) was developed at ca. 10 nm level [55]. There are three major categories for SPNL as follows ... 

In addition, there are many related industrial measurements based on softening point, hardness, stiffness, or deflection under load while the temperature is being varied at a stipulated rate. No attempt is usually made to compensate for heating rate in these methods, which yield transition temperatures about 10-20" higher than those from the other procedures mentioned. Some technical literature that is... 

Veran stated that in industry, measurements are usually carried out by x-ray sedimentation and laser diffraction and they hardly ever agree. He compared the CILAS 1064, the x-ray Sedigraph 5000ET and 5100 and found that the application of an extinction coefficient brought the laser diffraction into agreement with photosedimentation [ 188]. 

Use Biochemical radioactive tracer studies medical treatment of leukemia, skin lesions, etc. industrial measurements, e.g., tire tread wear, thickness of ink and paint films lead detection. 

Although many people in industry measure the tap density by... 

Table 1 summarizes the catastrophic accidents that gave rise to the lessons learned that prompted different countries to adopt their present regulatory and industry measures for managing process safety (OECD, 2005). 

Optical devices may be used to assess some aspect of fouling (e.g. particle size distribution in a flue gas). Although they have been primarily used in laboratory tests, they are increasingly being used for industrial measurements. 

Industrial measuring techniques Control engineering (e.g. non-contact thickness gauging, level measuring) smoke alarm systems... 

Quick tests can be based on chemical reactions or physical properties. The chemical quick tests used in industry measure color, foam, or FFA. These tests are helpful when the initial compositions of oil and fried food are the same and the frying conditions do not change. 

Data compiled by S. N. Broadberry shows that productivity in the British chemical industry measured in terms of output per employee declined relative to that in the USA... 

In surveying of an object it is desirable to have a prompt statement of its form or its movement. For that purpose the Geodetic Institute of the University of Karlsruhe developed an industrial measurement system called IMKA (see fig. 3). IMKA is composed of three separate parts the survey module, the computation module and the analysis module. The survey modul enables the measurment of three dimen-... 

The presented approach models a spatial movement of a rigid body as a translation with a subsequent rotation around a fixed spatial axis. The developed model enables manysided applications in engineering and is part of the industrial measurement system IMKA of the Geodetic Institute, University of Karlsruhe. 

CURRENT WORK ON THE METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENTS CARRIED OUT AT THE INSTITUTE OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY... 

The main aim of research work on industrial measurements, conducted at the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, is to prepare methods for measuring displacements and deformations of different objects and constructions. 

Joint Symposium FIG 6.1 and ISPRS commission V Optical 3D Measurement Techniques (industrial measuring systems). Vienna, Austria, 18th-20th September 1989. 

---