Regulatory pressures

Regulatory pressures which have limited the iatroduction of new chemistries have led to a substantial trend to obtain innovation through combiaation. One apparentiy successful iatroduction is the combination of a quat with a polyphase for sapstain prevention on freshly sawn lumber (18). 

Primary cadmium prices rose sharply ia 1987—1988, from 3.60 to 15.50/kg ia 1—5 metric ton lots (13), largely as a result of speculative stockpiling and strong demand driven by rapid growth in the Ni—Cd storage battery market. Prices decreased just as sharply in 1990—1991 however, reaching 3.15/kg in late 1990, as a result of erosion of consumer stockpiles, regulatory pressures, and a slow-down in the Ni—Cd battery market (14,15). 

The decision to initiate a hmnan error management program will normally be taken by senior plant management or at a corporate level. The reasons for setting up a program may be the occurrence of significant losses that are clearly attributable to human error, or from regulatory pressures to produce improvements in this area. 

Chemical treatments for bacteria control represent significant cost and environmental liability. Because the regulatory pressure on the use of toxic biocides is increasing, more environmentally acceptable control measures are being developed. 

REGULATORY PRESSURES IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY... 

PVC still faces environmental pressure from two directions there is hostility in the use of PVC in children s toys using the phthalate argument and building a new PVC complex faces severe regulatory pressure-witness the experience of ShinTech in the USA. 

Although A/D interface technology is still widely used, there is a continued push by the pharmaceutical industry towards digital instrument control. Much of this is being driven by two factors information-rich detectors which are more commonplace in today s laboratories, and the regulatory pressure that is associated with electronic records (21 CFR... 

Tableting process, since being introduced in the early 1840s, has witnessed numerous changes in the form of stringent regulatory requirements for the excipients and product stability. Increasing regulatory pressure on purity, safety, and standardization of the excipients has catalyzed the formation of an international body, the International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) (13). IPEC is a tripartite council with representation from the United States, Europe, and Japan, and has made serious efforts to harmonize requirements for purity and functionality testing of excipients (14).

Isopropyl alcohol is an excellent solvent with a blend of polar, nonpolar, and hydrogenbonding character that makes it useful in a broad spectrum of applications. Its moderate volatility makes it convenient for uses involving evaporation or recovery by distillation. Thus, it is no surprise that much of IPA s consumption is for solvent uses. In North America in 1999 about 1.2 billion lb of IPA were consumed. Major uses were solvent applications, 47 percent isopropylamines, 15 percent, esters and ketones, 20 percent and others, including pharmaceuticals, 18 percent. The total demand in 1999 was significantly less than the 1.9 billion lb recorded for 1978. This downward trend is not unique to IPA and is primarily a result of regulatory pressure in the United States to decrease emissions of VOCs in coating and other applications. 

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