Chlorides, metal

Mixed chloiide alkoxides aie prepared by reaction with acyl chlorides, metal chlorides, hydrogen chloride, or chlorine (64). 

Ammonium chloride is used as a flux ia the melting furnace because the large surface of the cathodes favors the formation of dross, ie, oxide-coated globules of ziac. The dross is separated by Hquation or air-swept milling iato metal and oxide fractions. In the latter, the oxide fraction is swept out of the mill and can be returned to roasting for the elimination of chloride. Metallic ziac is recycled. Overall melting efficiency is 96—98%. 

Thermodynamic data show that the stabilities of the caesium chloride-metal chloride complexes are greater than the conesponding sodium and potassium compounds, and tire fluorides form complexes more readily tlrair the chlorides, in the solid state. It would seem that tire stabilities of these compounds would transfer into tire liquid state. In fact, it has been possible to account for the heats of formation of molten salt mixtures by the assumption that molten complex salts contain complex as well as simple anions, so tlrat tire heat of formation of the liquid mixtures is tire mole fraction weighted product of the pure components and the complex. For example, in the CsCl-ZrCU system the heat of formation is given on each side of tire complex compound composition, the mole fraction of the compound... 

Industrially, chlorine is obtained as a by-product in the electrolytic conversion of salt to sodium hydroxide. Hazardous reactions have occuned between chlorine and a variety of chemicals including acetylene, alcohols, aluminium, ammonia, benzene, carbon disulphide, diethyl ether, diethyl zinc, fluorine, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, ferric chloride, metal hydrides, non-metals such as boron and phosphorus, rubber, and steel. 

Toxic Pollutants (gg/L) Toxic organics Methylene chloride Metals and inorganics 2/2 10-630 — 320... 

Chlorine fluoride Aluminium Iodine chloride Metals Iodine heptafluoride Metals Iodine pentafluoride Metals... 

See Hydrogen chloride Metal acetylides or carbides Nitrogen oxide... 

See Seleninyl chloride Metal oxides See other metal oxides, oxidants... 

See also METAL NITRATES Esters, or Phosphorus, or Tin(II) chloride metal nitrates Metal phosphinates... 

Oxidation reaction also occurs with hydrogen chloride, metal hydrides and a number of metal salts. It dissolves in water reacting to form iodic acid ... 

Using Alfin catalysts, butadiene polymers were already obtained in the 1940s. The Alfin catalytic system consists of three components (formed in statu nascendi from alkyl chloride, metallic sodium, alcohol and olefin) sodium salt of secondary alcohol (e.g. sodium isopropoxide), alkenylsodium (e.g. allyl-sodium) and finely dispersed sodium chloride (the name Alfin originates from a/cohol + olefin) [2,3], Since the molecular weight of polybutadiene obtained with Alfin catalysts is very high (it can reach a value of a few millions), 1,4-dihydronaphthalene is often added to the polymerisation system for the regulation of molecular weight [1],... 

A few authors have mentioned that the use of chloride metal complexes gives a reproducible amount of grafted metal Benvenutti et al. [34] for the grafting of SbCU on silica in CCI4 at the solvent-reflux temperature, Lindblad and Lindfors [36] for the grafting of WOCU on silica at 473 K, Haukka and Lakomaa [26] for the grafting of TiCU on silica at 450 K and 723 K. 

The central ions in (oxy)chloride metal complexes are in a high oxidation state that is preserved during anchoring (Eq. 5) and grafting. Therefore, these grafted catalysts are mainly used to catalyze oxidation reactions, e.g. oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene [31], oxidation of acrolein [29], methanol [10], and 0-xylene [30, 37],... 

Less systematically studied have been chloride metal complexes and those containing alkoxidc ligands. Some studies suggest that they arc less reliable for obtaining species as well-defined as with allyl precursors. However, recent works [26, 27, 36, 42-44, 71] devoted to the anchoring/grafting in vapor phase (CVD) (see Sections C and D), show that a well-defined supported phase may be obtained when each preparation parameter is carefully controlled and a systematic procedure is used. 

However, one must be aware that (oxy)chloride metal complexes are only used for the preparation of grafted ions in a rather high oxidation state whereas alkoxide and allyl precursors can provide ions in various oxidation states (Figs. 3-5). 

In photography ferrous sulphate is used for the reduction of auric chloride, metallic gold being precipitated. Thus... 

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