Contraception oral contraceptives

Oral contraceptives, investigational (see Combined oral contraceptives) Oral contraceptives, sequential (see Sequential oral contraceptives) Orange I... 

At One time it was thought that women taking oral contraceptives were at risk for B deficiency. This notion seem-S to have been in error. The error was due to a misinterpretation of the tryptophan load lest. As mentioned earlier, a deficiency in vitamin B(,can induce the accumulation of specific intermediates of the tryptophan catabolic pathway and enhanced excretion in the urine. Oral contraceptives can also induce ar increase in the formation and excretion of specific intermediates by stimulating the activity of specific enzymes of the tryptophan catabolic pathway, This stimulation was responsible for the false indications of deficiency. Independently of the tryptophan load test, there continues to be some evidence for risk associated with the use of oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptive use may result in lowered levels of plasma vitamin Bf, Tlicsc lowered levels may result in a vitamin deficiency when coupled with pregnancy and lactation. 

The varied clinical uses of estrogens include menstrual disorders, alleviation of menopause, associated symptoms (replacement therapy), osteoporosis, postmenopausal breast cancer and prostatic cancer and hypertrophy, lactation suppression, postcoital contraceptives, oral contraceptives (combined with progestins), estrogen deficiencies unrelated to the menopause, ovarian failure, and hypogenitalism. 

Postcoital contraception Oral contraceptive, norgestrel, mifepristone, conjugated estrogens... 

Has the properties of progesterone and is given orally for treating functional uterine haemorrhage. Norethisterone, 19-norelhisterone, m.p. 20I-206°C is one of the progestational steroids used in the contraceptive pill. 

Mestranol an estrogenic component of oral contraceptive drugs... 

Contraceptives, oral Contract maintenance Contrast agents... 

Optoelectronics Optosil Oraflex Oragrafin Oral care products Oral contraceptives Oral formulations Oral polio virus vaccine Oral toxicity Oramec Orange... 

Desogestrel. Desogestrel is used ia oral contraceptives. It is a white powder and can be recrystallized from pentane (71). It is practically insoluble in water and its crystal stmcture has been reported (72). 

EthynodlolDia.ceta.te, Ethynodiol diacetate has been used alone, and in combination with an strogen, as an oral contraceptive and to treat disorders associated with progesterone deficiency (76). It may be crystallised from aqueous methanol (77) and is soluble in chloroform, ether, and ethanol sparingly soluble in fixed oils and insoluble in water (76). Extensive spectral and chromatographic data have been compiled (78). 

Gestodene Gestodene (54), along with norgestimate and desogestrel, are the progestin components of the third-generation oral contraceptives (see Contraceptives). It may be crystallised from hexane/acetone (81) or ethyl acetate (82), and its crystal stmcture (83) and other spectral data have been reported (84). 

LynestrenoL Lynestrenol (73) has been used in oral contraceptives and to treat menstrual disorders. It is converted in vivo to its active metabohte norethindrone (102,103). It can be recrystallized from methanol, and is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, and acetone, and insoluble in water (102). The crystal stmcture (104) and other spectral and analytical data have been reported for lynestrenol (62). 

Meg estrolAceta.te. This compound is used outside the United States as an oral contraceptive. In the United States, it is used for the paUiative treatment of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, or as an adjunct to other therapies. Its use has been associated with an increased appetite and food intake and has been evaluated in the treatment of anorexia and cachexia (107). 

Norethindrone andISlorethindrone Acetate. Norethindrone (28) and its acetate or enanthate are used in oral contraceptives. 

Norgestimate. Norgestimate (82) is used in oral contraceptives. It can be recrystakhed from methylene chloride (117) and is the... 

As of 1994, there were approximately 47 progestin-containing contraceptive dmg formulations sold in the United States for use as oral contraceptives (Table 3). In addition, there are three nonoral contraceptive formulations containing progestins ie, one injectable (Depo-Provera), one as an intrauterine device (lUD) (Progestasert), and one implantable (Norplant). Of the oral formulations, all but two also contain an estrogen component, ethynylestradiol. 

U. Lachnit-Eixson, Tbe Development of aMew Triphasic Oral Contraceptive, MTP Press, Lancaster, U.K., 1980, p. 23. 

The two synthetic steroidal estrogens which have attained the greatest degree of therapeutic use are ethinyl estradiol [57-63-6] (EE) (5) and its 3-methyl ether, mestranol [72-33-3]((5). In contrast to the naturally occurring estrone derivatives, these acetylenic analogues are orally active and are the main estrogenic components of combination oral contraceptives (see Contraceptives) and certain estrogen replacement products. 

Oral Contraceptives, Population Reports, Series A, No. 6, Population Information Program, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 1982, p. A190. 

Aerosols. Pressurized containers to deHver aerosolized dmg products through appropriate systems of valves and actuators have been available since the 1950s (see Aerosols). Such dosage forms are used as external appHcations of lotions and creams, for oral inhalation, or for treatment of the vaginal cavity, eg, contraceptive foams. Aerosols contain two- or three-phase systems, wherein a volatile Hquid or admixture of Hquids is sealed in a... 

The 1950s and 1960s saw the development of orally active progestins based on the synthesis of steroids that lack the C19-angular methyl substituent (19-norsteroids). The commercial production of these compounds for the regulation of menstmal disorders began in 1957, and for oral contraception in 1960. 

L-Fohc acid is available as a crystalline dihydrate containing 8% water. Approximately 80% of the commercial production is consumed for feed enrichment in animal nutrition. FoHc acid is being offered by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic and prophylactic use (see Pharmaceuticals). Pharmacological doses of fohc acid are commonly used as a rescue dose during cancer chemotherapy, in women using oral contraceptives, and alcohoHcs. Several studies have provided evidence that multivitamins or foHc acid (0.8—4 mg/day) supplementation prevent the majority of neural tube defects (101). 

The typical U.S. daily diet contains 1.1—3.6 mg of vitamin B, most coming from meats and vegetables. Poor diets may provide less than half of these amounts and less than the RDA. Some populations require higher amounts persons with high protein intakes, pregnant and lactating women, users of oral contraceptives, alcohoHcs, users of dmgs which interfere with vitamin B function, and those afflicted with some diseases. Several reviews have examined the relationship of vitamin B and specific diseases in more detail (4,23). 

Oral contraceptives are among the most popular form of reversible contraception in most countries. As of the early 1990s, over 60 million women around the world use the pill and almost 150 million women have used oral contraceptives sometime during their reproductive fives (7). The commercial market for oral contraceptives is large and expanding. U.S. dmg store purchases alone will exceed 1 biUion in 1992. 

History. Detailed reviews of biological, chemical, and clinical research that led to the introduction of oral contraceptives are available in the scientific and medical literature (8,9). 

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